ECONOMICS NOTES 2

GATEWAY TO CGL MAINS: ECONOMICS NOTES 2

Dear Readers, 

As we have already started the GATEWAY TO CGL MAINS, so from today we will provide you the notes of the most important topics in ECONOMICS. This will be important for the prelims exam. 

FORMS OF MARKET AND PRICE DETERMINATION

Market: Market is a place in which buyers and sellers come into contact for the purchase and sale of goods and services.

Market structure: refers to number of firms operating in an industry, nature of competition between them and the nature of product.

Types of market

a) Perfect competition. b) Monopoly.

c) Monopolistic Competition d) Oligopoly.

a) Perfect competition: refers to a market situation in which there are large number of buyers and sellers. Firms sell homogeneous products at a uniform price.

b) Monopoly market: Monopoly is a market situation dominated by a single seller who has full control over the price.

c) Monopolistic competition: It refers to a market situation in which there are many firms who sell closely related but differentiated products.

d) Oligopoly: is a market structure in which there are few large sellers of a commodity and large number of buyers.

Features of perfect competition:

1. Very large number of buyers and sellers.

2. Homogeneous product.

3. Free entry and exit of firms.

4. Perfect knowledge.

5. Firm is a price taker and industry is price maker.

6. Perfectly elastic demand curve (AR=MR)

7. Perfect mobility of factors of production.

8. Absence of transportation cost.

9. Absence of selling cost.

Features of monopoly:

1. Single seller of a commodity.

2. Absence of close substitute of the product.

3. Difficulty of entry of a new firm.

4. Negatively sloped demand curve(AR>MR)

5. Full control over price.

6. Price discrimination exists

7. Existence of abnormal profit.

Features of monopolistic competition

1. Large number of buyers and sellers but less than perfect competition.

2. Product differentiation.

3. Freedom of entry and exit.

4. Selling cost.

5. Lack of perfect knowledge.

6. High transportation cost.

7. Partial control over price.

Main features of Oligopoly.

1. Few dominant firms who are large in size

2. Mutual interdependence.

3. Barrier to entry.

4. Homogeneous or differentiated product.

5. Price rigidity.

Features of pure competition

1. Large number of buyers and sellers.

2. Homogeneous products.

3. Free entry and exit of firm.

What are selling cost?

Ans.: Cost incurred by a firm for the promotion of sale is known as selling cost. (Advertisement cost)

What is product differentiation?

Ans: It means close substitutes offered by different producers to show their output differs from other output available in the market. Differentiation can be in colour, size packing, brand name etc to attract buyers.

What do you mean by patent rights?

Ans:- Patent rights is an exclusive right or license granted to a company to produce a particular output under a specific technology.

What is price discrimination?

Ans: - It refers to charging of different prices from different consumers for different units of the same product.