Daily GK Update 22nd June 2017

1. Mumbai most expensive for expatriates in India: Mercer's Survey

i. Mumbai is the most expensive city for expatriates in India and is ranked higher than major global cities such as Paris, Canberra, Seattle and Vienna.  According to Mercer's 23rd annual Cost of Living Survey, Mumbai is placed 57th on the list while New Delhi was placed at 99. Chennai (135), Bangalore (166) and Kolkata (184) were the other Indian cities on the list.

ii. Luanda, the capital of Angola, was the costliest city, driven by cost of goods and security, followed by Hong Kong and Tokyo at the second and third places, respectively.

Important Takeaways-

• Luanda is the Capital of Angola.
• Mercer is the world's largest human resources consulting firm, Headquartered in New York City.

2. Indore- India’s first city to use robot to control unruly traffic

i. The number one clean city of India - Indore has got another milestone to its name. This commercial capital of Madhya Pradesh has reportedly become the first city in India where the robot is being used on an experimental basis to control its ever growing and unruly traffic.

ii. The traffic police in association with a private engineering college of the city for the first time has installed a metallic robot at a busy MR 9 intersection on an experimental basis to control the chaotic traffic in the locality.

Important Takeaways-

• As per the recent survey of Government, Indore is the Cleanest city in India.
• Indore is the City in Madhya Pradesh.

3. Qatar Airways is voted the World’s Best Airline in 2017

i. Qatar Airways was announced the World’s Best Airline at the SKYTRAX 2017 World Airline Awards. Qatar Airways was voted Best Airline by travelers across the world in the annual passenger survey.

ii. The Doha-based carrier has now won the prestigious Airline of the Year title for a fourth time. Qatar Airways also won the World’s Best Business Class, the World’s Best First Class Lounge and the Best Airline in the Middle East awards.
iii. On the other hand, Malaysia-based Air Asia won awards for being the Best Low-Cost Airline in Asia for a month year in the row, and also as World's Best Low-Cost Airline Premium Cabin 2017.

The world's Top 5 airlines are-

1. Qatar Airways,
2. Singapore Airlines,
3. ANA All Nippon Airways,
4. Emirates,
5. Cathay Pacific.

Important Takeaways-

• Dubai-based Emirates was the winner of SKYTRAX 2016 World Airline Awards.

4. China unveils World’s first train that runs on Virtual Tracks

i. China has unveiled the world's first train that operates on a virtual track using sensor technology instead of metal rails. The new trains are battery powered and are nonpolluting.
ii. The train's top speed is 70 kilometers per hour, and it can travel 25 kilometers in distance after just 10 minutes of charging. The train will be ready to roll out to the public by 2018.

Static Takeaways-

• The capital of China is  Beijing and its Currency is Renminbi.
• The President of China is Xi Jinping.

5. India, Russia identify key areas to boost cooperation in Science & Technology sector

i. India and Russia have identified key areas to bolster cooperation in the science and technology sector, including space and marine technologies, IT and deep ocean engineering. The areas were chosen at the first meeting of India-Russia Joint Committee on Science and Technology Cooperation in the Siberian city of Novosibirsk.

ii. The meeting was co-chaired by Defence Minister Arun Jaitley and Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitryi Rogozin. Inspired by India's 'Make in India' initiative, Moscow has launched a “Do It In Russia” initiative to promote local manufacturing and technology development.

Important Takeaways-

• The Capital of Russia is Moscow and its Currency is Russian ruble.
• The President of Russia is Vladimir Putin.

6. SEBI relaxes norms for banks to take over stressed assets of listed companies to recover bad loans

i. Capital markets regulator, SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) relaxed takeover norms for the acquisition of stressed assets of listed companies to help the government and the RBI in their efforts to tackle bad loans.

ii. SEBI Chairman Ajay Tyagi took the decision after a board meeting in Mumbai. SEBI’s board also approved a proposal to tighten rules for participatory notes through the imposition of a regulatory fee on issuers of such instruments. SEBI will also issue a discussion paper for easier registration of foreign investors.

The Important decisions in the meeting are as follows:

1. Restructuring in stressed companies.

2. Resolution plans approved under the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016

3. Extension of Lock-in-relaxation to Category II Alternative Investment Funds (AIF)

4. Consultation paper on Easing of access norms for investment by FPIs

Banking Takeaways-

• Mr. Ajay Tyagi is the Chairman of SEBI.
• SEBI is Headquartered in Mumbai.
• SEBI was established in 1992.

7. Bank credit grows at 6.02%, deposits at 11.19%: RBI data

i. Banks’ credit growth was up 6.02% to Rs76,58,212 crore in the fortnight ended 9 June from Rs72,22,939 crore in the same period of fiscal 2016, according to the data released by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
ii. The growth advanced in the reporting period was slightly higher than the previous fortnight ended May 26, 2017.

8. Axis Bank, Kochi Metro launches India’s first single-wallet contactless, Open Loop Metro Card

i. Axis Bank, India's third largest private sector bank in association with Kochi Metro Rail Corporation (KMRL) has launched KMRL Axis Bank 'Kochi1' Card, India's first open loop EMV contactless metro card that would make travel a convenient and hassle free experience for commuters in Kochi.

ii. Axis Bank has partnered with National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in developing this transit EMV contactless specification on interoperable open standards. The prepaid card has integrated benefits and offers a plethora of services to commuters such as:

1. The shopping experience at merchant outlets: No hassle of carrying multiple cards.

2. Instant issuance of Personalized Cards.

3. Convenience of recharge: The commuter can easily top up the card through cash or debit or credit card.

Important Takeaways-

• Shikha Sharma is the MD and CEO Axis Bank.
• Shri Rajiv Gauba is the Chairman of KMRL.

9. Manappuram Finance appoints Jeevandas Narayan as managing director of Manappuram Home Finance

i. Manappuram Finance has announced the appointment of Jeevandas Narayan as the Managing Director and Subhash Samant as CEO of its fully-owned home loans subsidiary, Manappuram Home Finance.

ii. Prior to this Narayan, who has more than 37 years of experience in the financial services industry, was Managing Director of State Bank of Travancore.

Banking Takeaways-

• Manappuram Finance headquarters in Thrissur Kerala.
• It was founded in 1949.

10. Indian agri microbiologist Shrihari Chandraghatgi given environment award in Japan

i. Indian agricultural microbiologist Shrihari Chandraghatgi has been conferred the Ministry of Environment Award for 2017 in Japan for developing cutting edge technologies to address burning environmental problems.

ii. Chandraghatgi, who is President and CEO of EcoCycle Corporation, is the first foreigner to be given the Ministry of Environment Award, the highest award in the environmental sector in Japan.

Important Takeaways-

• The Capital of Japan is Tokyo.
• The Currency of Japan is Japanese yen.
• Shinzo Abe is the Prime Minister of Japan.

11. Vladimir Voronkov appointed as Under-Secretary-General of UN Counter-Terrorism Office

i. United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres has appointed Vladimir Ivanovich Voronkov of the Russian Federation as Under-Secretary-General of the newly created United Nations Counter-Terrorism Office. The office was established under the General Assembly resolution 71/291 on 15 June 2017.

ii. He is currently Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the Russian Federation to the International Organizations in Vienna.

Important Takeaways-

• 9th Secretary-General of United Nations is Antonio Guterres and its headquarter is in New York City, USA.

12. President of Vanuatu Baldwin Lonsdale dies aged 67

i. The president of Vanuatu, Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale, has died suddenly at the age of 67.

ii. President Baldwin Lonsdale was elected in September 2014, the first from Torba Province. 

Static Takeaways-

• The Capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila.
• Its Currency is Vanuatu Vatu.

Banking Awareness,

Q1. PSLCs are tradable certificates issued against priority sector loans of banks. What does meaning of "Cs" in PSLCs?

(a) Cess

(b) Cities

(c) Census

(d) Certificates

(e) None of the above

Q2. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from -

(a) 1995

(b) 1999

(c) 1990

(d) 1982

(e) 1988

Q3. MTSS is a way of transferring personal remittances from abroad to beneficiaries in India. What does MTSS stand for-

(a) Mobile Transfer Service Scheme 

(b) Money Transfer System Scheme 

(c) Money Timing Service Scheme 

(d) Market Transfer Service Scheme 

(e) Money Transfer Service Scheme

Q4. How much cash can payment be made to the beneficiary in India under MTSS? 

(a) Rs 2, 00,000

(b) Rs 50,000

(c) Rs 1, 00,000

(d) Rs 10,000

(e) None of the above

Q5. RDA is a channel to receive cross-border remittances from overseas jurisdictions. What does meaning of "A" in RDA?

(a) Account

(b) Assembly

(c) Arrangement

(d) Association

(e) Amount

Q6. NABARD was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi on-

(a) 12th July 1982

(b) 01st January 1949

(c) 19th July 1980

(d) 15th April 1969

(e) 05th November 1982

Q7. The mission of NABARD is Promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural prosperity through effective credit support, related services, institution development and other innovative initiatives. What is meaning of "R" IN NABARD?

(a) Regional

(b) Rural

(c) Reconstruction

(d) Revised

(e) Remittance

Q8. SAT is a statutory body established under the provisions of Section 15K of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) Act, 1992. SAT stands for-

(a) Securities Appellate Tribunal

(b) Securities Appellate Treaty

(c) Securities Association Tribunal

(d) Saving Appellate Tribunal

(e) None of the given options is true

Q9. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established on- 

(a)  12th April 1999

(b)  12th April 1992

(c)  12th April 1949

(d)  12th April 1990

(e)  12th April 1995

Q10. NABARD was set up with an initial capital of-

(a) Rs 200 crore 

(b) Rs 1500 crore

(c) Rs 500 crore  

(d) Rs 100 crore

(e) Rs 1000 crore 

Q11. At present many public sector banks and one private sector bank are authorised to handle the Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS), 2004. Name the private sector bank, which is authorised to handle the Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS), 2004?

(a) ICICI bank

(b) HDFC Bank

(c) Axis Bank

(d) Yes Bank

(e) Kotak Mahindra Bank

Q12. The Government of India has enacted the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 in terms of which the definition of micro, small and medium enterprises. As under a micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed..............?

(a) Rs. 100 lakh

(b) Rs. 15 lakh

(c) Rs. 25 lakh

(d) Rs. 50 lakh

(e) None of the given options is true

Q13. Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note. In which year Commercial Paper was introduced in India?

(a) 1975

(b) 1990

(c) 1985

(d) 1955

(e) 1980

Q14. Which Bank of India maintains the Principal Accounts of Central as well as State Governments at its Central Accounts Section? 

(a) IDBI

(b) SBI

(c) SIDBI

(d) NABARD 

(e) RBI

Q15. Who are eligible to issue Commercial Paper (CP)?

(a) Corporate

(b) Primary dealers (PDs)

(c) All-India Financial Institutions (FIs)

(d) All of the above

(e) None of the given options is true

Solutions

S1. Ans.(d)
Sol. PSLCs stands for Priority Sector Lending Certificates.

S2. Ans.(a)
Sol. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme enables an expeditious and inexpensive forum to bank customers for resolution of complaints relating to certain services rendered by banks. The Banking Ombudsman Scheme is introduced under Section 35 A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949 by RBI with effect from 1995.

S3. Ans.(e)
Sol. Money Transfer Service Scheme (MTSS) are the most common arrangements under which the remittances are received into the country.

S4. Ans.(b)
Sol. Amounts up to INR 50,000/- may be paid in cash to a beneficiary in India under MTSS.

S5. Ans.(c)
Sol. RDA stands for Rupee Drawing Arrangement.

S6. Ans.(e)
Sol. NABARD came into existence on 12 July 1982 by transferring the agricultural credit functions of RBI and refinance functions of the then Agricultural Refinance and Development Corporation (ARDC). It was dedicated to the service of the nation by the late Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi on 05 November 1982.

S7. Ans.(b)
Sol. The mission of NABARD is Promote sustainable and equitable agriculture and rural prosperity through effective credit support, related services, institution development and other innovative initiatives. NABARD stands for National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development. 

S8. Ans.(a)
Sol. Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) is a statutory body established under the provisions of Section 15K of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992 to hear and dispose of appeals against orders passed by the Securities and Exchange Board of India or by an adjudicating officer under the Act and to exercise jurisdiction, powers and authority conferred on the Tribunal by or under this Act or any other law for the time being in force.

S9. Ans.(b)
Sol. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) was established on April 12, 1992 in accordance with the provisions of the Securities and Exchange Board of India Act, 1992.

S10. Ans.(d)
Sol. NABARD was set up with an initial capital of Rs.100 crore, its’ paid up capital stood at Rs. 5,000 crore as on 31st March 2016.

S11. Ans.(a)
Sol. Only ICICI Bank are authorized to handle the Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS), 2004.

S12. Ans.(c)
Sol. The Government of India has enacted the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development (MSMED) Act, 2006 in terms of which the definition of micro, small and medium enterprises. As under a micro enterprise is an enterprise where investment in plant and machinery does not exceed Rs 25 lakhs.

S13. Ans.(b)
Sol. Commercial Paper (CP) is an unsecured money market instrument issued in the form of a promissory note. It was introduced in India in 1990.

S14. Ans.(e)
Sol. RBI has maintained the Principal Accounts of Central as well as State Governments at its Central Accounts Section.

S15. Ans.(d)
Sol. Corporate, primary dealers (PDs) and the All-India Financial Institutions (FIs) are eligible to issue Commercial Paper (CP).

Gateway to Mains Exam : English (Verb)

Gateway to  Mains Exam : English (Verb)

Verb 

A Verb is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. It tells about the person or thing in the state of -

(a) doing, (b) being or (c) being acted up on. Thus a verb is a doing or being word. 

Kinds of verbs : 

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

A Transitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which passes over from the doer or agent to an object, 

Transitive means passing over. For example, 

India won the World Cup.

An Intransitive verb is a verb that denotes an action which does not pass over to an object, 

or that expresses a state of an object, or that expresses a state of being. Intransitive means not passing over.

 For example,

The sun shines brightly.

Rule: When an intransitive verb is used in a causative sense, it becomes transitive.

1. He sat in a chair.

2. He sat me on chair. 

Rule: Verbs like, fall, lie, rise and sit are made transitive by a slight change in their spellings. 

The transitive is the causative of the corresponding intransitive verb. 

Incorrect: The poachers were caught yesterday when they fell trees illegally.

Correct : The poachers were caught yesterday when they felled trees illegally.

Verbs of Incomplete Predication

The intransitive verb which requires something to make the sense complete is called a verb of incomplete predication.

For example be, become, seem, grow, taste, appear. 

That which is required to make the sense (of these verbs) complete is known as the complement of the verb or the completion of the predicate. 

For example,

The family appears.

Rule: When the subjective complement is a noun (or a pronoun), it is in the same case as the subject, that is, in the nominative case.

For example

The lawyer called the witness a liar.

Rule: When the objective complement is a noun it is in the objective case in agreement with the object.

Subject-Verb Agreement : 

Language has its base in logic and harmony.
The subject and the verb are the essential parts of a sentence. It is imperative that the verb agree with the subject in number and person.

Rule: Two or more singular subjects connected by and usually take a verb in the plural.

Incorrect: Computer and telecommunication has metamorphosed information technology.

Correct: Computer and telecommunication have metamorphosed information technology.

Rule: If two singular nouns refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular.

Incorrect : The poet and critic have been honoured.

Correct : The poet and critic has been honoured.

Rule: If two subjects together express one idea, the verb is in the singular.

Incorrect: Bread and butter are essential for one's life.

Correct: Bread and butter is essential for one's life.

Rule: If the singular subjects are preceded by each or every, the verb is usually singular.

Incorrect: Every man and woman in a family are responsible for the upbringing of a child.

Correct: Every man and woman in a family is responsible for the upbringing of a child.

Rule : Two or more singular subjects connected by or, nor, either ... or, neither... nor take a verb in the singular.

Incorrect: Either Manoj or Madhukar have the key to this problem.

Correct: Either Manoj or Madhukar has the key to this problem.

Rule: When the subjects, joined by or or nor are of different numbers, the verb must be plural, and the plural subject must be placed next to the verb.

Incorrect : Neither Rekha nor her friends was present at the party.

Correct : Neither Rekha nor her friends were present at the party.

Rule: When the subjects, joined by or or nor are of different persons, the verb agrees in person with the one nearest to it.

Incorrect : Either she or I pays the fees.

Correct : Either she or I pay the fees.

Error of Proximity: The verb is made to agree in number with a noun near it instead of with its proper subject. This is wrong and should be avoided.

Incorrect : The behaviour of the students were not proper.

Correct: The behaviour of the students was not proper.

Rule: Words joined to a singular subject by with, as well as, etc. are parenthetical. The verb should therefore be put in the singular.

Incorrect: The guru as well as his disciples are committed to celibacy.

Correct: The guru as well as his disciples is committed to celibacy.

Rule: Either, neither, each, everyone, many a must be followed by a singular verb.

Incorrect: Many a man have resigned in crisis.

Correct: Many a man has resigned in crisis.

Rule: When a plural noun denotes some specific quantity or amount considered as a whole, the verb is generally singular.

Incorrect: Five hours are too short a time to judge one's character.

Correct: Five hours is too short a time to judge one's character.

The Infinitive

Usually a verb is limited by the number and person of its subject.

For example,

He plays cricket.

They play cricket.

A verb, which is not limited by person and number as a verb that has a subject, is called the verb infinite or the infinitive. Infinitives are of two kinds. 

(1) Simple Infinitive and 

(2) Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive.

(1) Simple Infinitive - when the infinitive is used like a noun.

(i) as the subject of a verb. To name is to give an identity.

(ii) as the object of a verb. I have decided to leave the place.

(iii) as the complement of a verb. Her hobby is to dance.

(iv) as the object of a preposition. He is about to go.

(v) as the complement of the object. She heard her weep.

(2) Gerundial or Qualifying Infinitive-when the infinitive is used for the following purposes:

(i) to qualify a verb. He slept to refresh himself.

(ii) to qualify an adjective. Tea is easy to prepare.

(iii) to qualify a noun. He has a point to make.

(iv) to qualify a sentence. To be very frank, I hate your smile.

Rule: The infinitive is used without to after verbs like help, watch, bid, dare, hear, let, make, need and see.

Incorrect : I bid him to quit the organisation.

Correct : I bid him quit the organisation.

Rule: If, however, the structure is do + dare or do + need, the infinitive is used with to.

Incorrect: You do not need worry about us.

Correct: You do not need to worry about us.

Rule: The following verbs are followed by the infinitive. 

Agree, arrange, attempt, care, cease, consent, decide, determine, endeavour, fall, forget, hesitate,
hope,learn, manage, neglect, prepare, promise, propose, refuse, regret, remember, seem, swear, undertake.

Incorrect: I agree for helping you out in trouble.

Correct: I agree to help you out in trouble.

Rule: Prepositions but and except take the infinitive without to.

Incorrect: There is no alternative but to help him out.

Correct : There is no alternative but help him out.

Rule: Expressions would rather, would sooner, rather than, sooner than, had better are followed by infinitive without to.

Incorrect : I would rather to go for batting.

Correct : I would rather go for batting.

Participle

(1) Present Participle

(2) Past Participle

(3) Perfect Participle

Rule: Present participle is used when all the parts of a sentence have the same subject;

Incorrect: Opened the drawer, he took out his gun.

Correct: Opening the drawer, he took out his gun.

Rule: When a sentence has two different subjects, avoid using present participle. Instead a clause should be used in such instances.

Incorrect: While going to school, a dog jumped at me.

Correct: While I was going to school, a dog jumped at me.

Rule: Some past participles are used only as adjectives and qualify a noun. They can be used as past participles with changed spellings. 

For example, shrunken, drunken, sunken, graven, molten.

Incorrect: He and his brother have drunken wine last night.

Correct: He and his brother have drunk wine last night.

Rule: Perfect participle is used when one activity is completely over. Having worked hard, he felt tired.

Auxiliary Verb

Auxiliary literally means giving help, So an auxiliary verb is one that helps the main verb form in tenses, moods, voices etc. 

The following verbs are auxiliaries:-

 is, are, am, was, were, be, can, could, dare, do, does, did, have, has, had, may, might, must, need, ought, shall, should, will, would, used to.

1. May implies permission, doubt or possibility.

Ex. May I come in? (permission)

It may rain tonight. (possibility)

2. Might is the past form of “may” and it implies more doubt than “may”.

Ex. If the clouds are salted, the rains might come.

3. Can is used to express ability.

Ex. He can do the work.

4. Could is the past form of can but it does not necessarily represent past time. Often it implies a more uncertain condition.

Ex. He could refuse, but she never does.

5. Should expresses the idea that something must be done or is important. 

Should and ought to have similar meanings, 

but ought is followed by “to” “Ought to” has a more objective force and is used when we are talking about laws, duties and regulations.

Ex. We ought to see her tomorrow.

6. Must is used to give strong advice or orders.

Ex. He really must stop drinking.

7. Do is used to make question and negative forms of ordinary verbs.

Ex. Do you know him?

I don’t like swimming.

“Do” is always used in question-tags.

Ex. You know painting, do you?

Quiz based on above concepts: 

Directions: In the following questions, some of the sentences have errors and some have none. 

Find out which part of the sentence has an error. If there is no mistake, the answer is ‘No error’.

1. Many a student (a)/ are frustrated (b)/ because of unemployment. (c)/ No error (d)

2. It is true (a)/ that the poor is unable (b)/ to get nourishing food even today. (c)/ No error (d)

3. People have a right to criticise (a)/ but at the same time each of them (b)/ have to remember his duty also. (c)/ No error (d)

4. The child (a)/ picked up a burned paper (b)/ from the street. (c)/ No error (d)

5. Never did this exhibition of contempt and anger ceased (a)/ so long as British rule remained (b)/ a live thing in India. (c)/ No error (d)

6. The teacher was angry (a)/ when he found that (b)/ you are not there. (c)/ No error (d)

7. I would like you to (a)/ complete this assignment (b) before you will leave for Mumbai. (c)/ No error (d)

8. Ordinarily, when in difficulty (a)/ Ruchi prefers keeping her counsel (b)/ than running about taking advice. (c)/ No error (d)

9. One of the drawbacks (a)/ of modern education are (b)/ that it does not encourage original thinking. (c)/ No error (d)

10. I enquired of him (a)/ why he is so negligent (b)/ in his studies. (c)/ No error (d)

Answers:

1. b; Replace ‘are’ with ‘is’
‘Many a’ takes singular subject and singular verb.
2. b; Replace ‘is’ with ‘are’
Here, ‘poor’ stands for ‘poor people’.
3. c; Replace ‘have’ with ‘has’
4. b; Replace ‘burned’ with ‘burnt’
5. a; Replace ‘ceased’ with ‘cease’
6. c; Replace ‘are’ with ‘were’
7. c; Remove ‘will’
8. c; Replace “than” with “to”
9. b; Replace ‘are’ with ‘is’

10. b; Replace ‘is’ with ‘was’

Study Notes On English Grammar: PRONOUNS

PRONOUNS

Personal Pronoun

            “A pronoun is a word used instead of a Noun”.

            (I, we, you, he, she, it, they) are called personal pronouns because they stand for the three persons.

(i)       The person speaking

(ii)      The person spoken to, and

(iii)     The person spoken of.

‘You’ is both singular and Plural.

	Nominative case (Subjective)	Objective case (Accusative)	Possessive case (Genitive)
First Person	I we	me us	my, mine, our, ours
Second Person	you	you	your, yours
Third person	he she it they	him her it them	his her, hers its their, theirs

           

Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph.

Subject Pronoun: (Subjective case)

(I, we, you, he, she, it, they)

Example:     She is at work.

‘She’ is main subject of the sentence, hence in the sentence, ‘She’ is the subjective personal pronoun.

 Objective pronoun (objective case)

Example:  He will meet us later.

‘Us’ is the objective personal pronoun, as it is the object of the verb ‘meet.’

Possessive pronoun (possessive case)

Example: That is our clubhouse.

‘Our’ shows the possession of the object ‘clubhouse’.

Gender

Example:  He went to the market.

He is used for male gender.

Other examples – (his, him, he etc.)

Example:  She is doing the laundry.

‘she’ is used for female gender.

(Her, hers, etc.)

Example:  It is important to them.

‘It’ is gender neutral as it shows an object,

 ‘Them’ is also gender neutral as ‘Them’ can consists of both genders.

Others gender neutral pronouns are - (Their, they, its.)

Number

Singular Pronoun – where the pronoun is only referring to one specific Noun.

Example: That book belongs to me.

Plural Pronoun – where the pronoun is used to refer to a number of nouns.

Example: That is Their book, not yours.

REFLEXIVE PRONOUN

“They are object pronouns that we use when the subject and the object are the same Noun.”

Example: I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse.

Example: The robber hurt himself chasing me through the alley.

“Reflexive pronouns are those which are used to indicate a noun which has been used in an earlier part of the same sentence.

(myself, themselves, yourself, ourselves, herself, himself, itself.)

Example: She blamed herself for the accident.

He is himself today.

EMPHATIC/INTENSIVE PRONOUN

“These pronouns are used to emphasize a Noun or pronoun. 

(myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves and ourselves.)

Example: He himself is his worst critic.

“These pronouns act as appositives of nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis,”

Example: You yourself wrote those words.

This request came from the employee themselves.

They themselves know that the Prank was in bad taste.

Avoid reporting things that you yourself haven’t witnessed.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN

“Demonstrative pronouns are used to show or identify one or a number of nouns that may be far or near in distance or time.

They are only four in number (This, that, these, those)

This, that → Singular demonstrative pronoun

These, those → Plural demonstrative pronouns.

Example: That is a beautiful house.

They can also be used to show an unspecified quantity in a sentence.

Example: These were made by me.

(These is showing an unspecified quantity of something that was made by a person.)

Example: Everyone remembers those days.

(Those is showing a particular time or period of days in the past, it is being used in place of a noun that could be – school, summer, college etc.)

Example: This is what he is charging.

This is used as pronoun in place of a number.

These pronouns point out someone or something.

They are identical in form to demonstrative adjective/determiners.

The difference is that…

→ A demonstrative pronoun stands alone (because it is a substitute for a noun or noun phrase)

→ But a demonstrative adjective is accompanied by the noun it modifies.

Example: She gave me this gift.

(This – demonstrative adjective)

I like this.

(This – demonstrative pronoun)

(More example of demonstrative pronoun)

These are my children.

That is a good idea.

The streets of Delhi are more crowded than those of Mumbai. 

INDEFINITE PRONOUN

“These pronouns do stand for some person or thing, but we don’t know for exactly whom.”

When we say, “somebody stole my watch.”

(We don’t know to whom the word ‘somebody’ refers to.  The word ‘somebody’ is an indefinite pronoun.

Example: One should speak the truth.

                Somebody immediately called the doctor.

                Anybody can solve this problem.

                Nobody was present.

                Many are called, but few are chosen.

               Do good to others.

(Few, all, some, none, everything- indefinite pronouns)

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN

“These Pronouns refer to individual elements in a group or a pair, one individual at a time.”

Example:     Each of the boys gets a prize.

                        Either of these roads leads to the railway station.

                        Either of you can go.

                        Neither of the accusations is true.

                        You may bring any of your friends

                        None of our students failed last year.

Each, either, neither are called distributive pronouns because they refer to persons or things, one at a time.

Each →used to denote every one of a number of persons or things taken singly.

Either means the one or the other of two.

Neither means not the one nor the other of two.

It is negative of either.

Either and Neither should be used only in speaking of two persons or things.

When more than two are spoken of (Any, No one, and none) should be used.

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN

Each and one really belong to the subject, Other and another are objects, butEach other and one another have become compound pronouns, (and are called reciprocal pronouns) and are rarely separated even by a preposition)

Example:     The brothers quarreled with each other.

                        They all gave evidence against one another.

                        Jamie and Jack always sit beside each other in break.

                      They haven’t seen one another since last year.

RELATIVE PRONOUN

These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun or pronoun.

These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whose, whichever and that.

Example: The driver who Ran the stop sign was careless.

Which and that are generally used for objects.

Who and whom are used for people and whose is used to show possession.

Example: she will choose the color which looks good on everyone

She is complaining to whoever she comes across nowadays.

There is a car in the parking lot that someone has painted a bright pink.

Is there anyone here whose mobile phone has a signal?

I met Hari who had just returned.

I have found the pen which I lost.

There is the book That you lent me.

INTERROGATIVE

Who, whom, which and what are interrogative pronouns as they are used to ask questions about a person or object that we do not know about.

Compounds of these words are made by attaching (–ever) to the words to strengthen the emphasis on the word.

Example:     which one would you like?

                        What is your Name?

                        Who will be managing the bullet?

                        Whom did you tell about this?

                        Whoever could have done this?

                        Whichever one will you choose?

                       

‘Who’ is always the subject of the verb.

‘Whom’ is never the subject of the verb.

It is object of the verb.

It is used to show the person to or for whom the action is being done.

                       

Example: whom were you meeting with?