Tuesday 1 August 2017

Data Interpretation



Directions (1-5): Study the following Radar graph carefully and answer the questions given below it.
Percentage of Marks Obtained by Various Students in Various Subjects in an Examination


Maximum Marks in each Subject = 100

Q1. What is approximate overall percentage obtained by C in the examination?
(a) 78 %
(b) 69 %
(c) 75 %
(d) 66.66 %
(e) 65 %


Q2. What is the difference in the marks obtained by B in English and Maths together and the marks obtained by D in the same subjects?
(a) 20
(b) 25 
(c) 15
(d) 30 
(e) None of these

S2. Ans.(e)
Sol. Marks obtained by B in Maths and English = 30 + 90 = 120
Marks obtained by D in maths and english = 40 + 70 = 110
Difference = 120 - 110 = 10

Q3. The marks obtained by A in Geography are what per cent of the marks obtained by A in Hindi?
(a) 71 % 
(b) 55 %
(c) 50 %
(d) 60 %
(e) None of these

S3. Ans.(a)
Sol. Marks obtained by A in Geography = 50
Marks obtained by A in Hindi = 70
Required % = 50/70 * 100 ≈ 71 %

Q4. What is the overall percentage of marks obtained by D in History and Geography together?
(a) 73 
(b) 72 
(c) 75
(d) 68 
(e) None of these

S4. Ans.(c)
Sol. Total marks obtained = 60 + 90 = 150
Total marks = 200
Percentage marks = 150/200 * 100 = 75%

Q5. What is the average marks obtained by all the students together in Science?
(a) 77.16 
(b) 72.50 
(c) 75.6
(d) 80.56
(e) None of these


Directions (6-10): Study the following graph and table carefully and answer the questions given below:


Distance covered (in kilometers) by six vehicles on each day

Vehicle
Day 1
Day 2
A
832
864
B
516
774
C
693
810
D
552
765
E
935
546
F
703
636

Q6. Which of the following vehicles travelled at the same speed on both the days?
(a) Vehicle A
(b) Vehicle C
(c) Vehicle F
(d) Vehicle B
(e) None of these

S6. Ans.(d)
Sol. The speed of vehicle B on both the days is 43 km/h.

Q7. What was the difference between the speed of Vehicle A on Day 1 and the speed of Vehicle C on the same day?
(a) 7 km/h
(b) 12 km/h
(c) 11 km/h
(d) 8 km/h
(e) None of these

S7. Ans.(c)
Sol. Speed of A on first day = 52 km/h
Speed of C on first day = 63 km/h
∴ Difference = 65 – 52 = 11 km/h

Q8. What was the speed of Vehicle C on Day 2 in terms of metres per second?
(a) 15.3 m/sec
(b) 12.8 m/sec
(c) 11.5 m/sec
(d) 13.8 m/sec
(e) None of these

S8. Ans.(e)
Sol. Speed of vehicle C on second day = 45 km/h
=45×5/18=2.5×5 = 12.5 m/sec

Q9. The distance travelled by Vehicle F on Day 2 was approximately what percent of the distance travelled by it on Day 1?
(a) 80
(b) 65
(c) 85
(d) 95
(e) 90


Q10. What is the ratio of the speeds of Vehicle D and Vehicle E on Day 2?
(a) 15:13
(b) 17:13
(c) 13:11
(d) 17:14
(e) None of these


Directions (11-15): The pie-chart provided below gives the distribution of land (in a village) under various food crops. Study the pie-chart carefully and answer the questions that follow:


Q11. If the total area under bajra was three hundred acres, then the total area (in hundred acres) under rice and barely together is:
(a) 18
(b) 12
(c) 15
(d) 20
(e) None of these
Q12. The combination of three crops which contribute to more than 50% of the total area under the food crops is:
(a) Wheat, rice and maize
(b) Wheat, rice and jowar
(c) Wheat, rice and bajra
(d) Rice, barley and maize
(e) None of these

S12. Ans.(a)
Sol. ∴ 100% = 360°
∴ 50% = 180°
∴ Wheat + rice + maize = 72° + 72° + 45° = 189° > 180°

Q13. The ratio of the land used for rice and barley is:
(a) 3 : 1
(b) 1 : 2
(c) 2 : 1
(d) 3 : 2
(e) None of these

S13. Ans.(c)
Sol. Required ratio = 72° : 36° = 2 : 1

Q14. If 10% of the land reserved for rice be distributed to wheat and barley in the ratio 2 : 1, then the angle corresponding to wheat in the new pie-chart will be:
(a) 38.4°
(b) 76.8°
(c) 75.6°
(d) 45.5°
(e) None of these


Q15. If the production of rice is 5 times that of jowar and the production of jowar is 2 times that of bajra, then the ratio between the yield per acre of rice and bajra is:
(a) 5 : 2
(b) 3 : 1
(c) 4 : 1
(d) 6 : 1
(e) None of these



REASONING


REASONING

In each question below is given a statement followed by two courses of action numbered I and II. 
You have to assume everything in the statement to be true and on the basis of the information given in the statement, 
decide which of the suggested courses of action logically follow(s) for pursuing.
Give answer
(A) If only I follows
(B) If only II follows
(C) If either I or II follows
(D) If neither I nor II follows
(E) If both I and II follow.


1.Statement: Many medical and engineering graduate are taking up jobs in administrative services nd in Banks.
Courses of Action:
I. All the professionals should be advised to refrain from taking up such jobs.
II. The Government should appoint a committee to find out the reasons for these professionals taking up such jobs and to suggest remedial measures.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

2. Statement: A large number of people in ward X of the city are diagnosed to be suffering from a fatal malaria type.
Courses of Action:
I. The city municipal authority should take immediate steps to carry out extensive fumigation in ward X.
II. The people in the area should be advised to take steps to avoid mosquito bites.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

3.Statement: Since its launching in 1981, Vayudoot has so far accumulated losses amounting to Rs 153 crore.
Courses of Action:
I. Vayudoot should be directed to reduce wasteful expenditure and to increase passenger fare.
II. An amount of about Rs 300 crore should be provided to Vayudoot to make the airliner economically viable.
A. Only I follows
B.Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

4.Statement: A large number of people die every year due to drinking polluted water during the summer.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should make adequate arrangements to provide safe drinking water to all its citizens.
II. The people should be educated about the dangers of drinking polluted water.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

5. Statement: Fou districts in state A have been experiencing serve drought for the last three years resulting into exodus of people from these districts.
Courses of Action:
I. The government should immediately start food for work  program in the district to put a halt to the Exodus.
II. The government should make effort to provide drinking / potable water to these district.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

6.Statement: Most of those who study in premier engineering colleges in India migrate to developed nations for better prospects in their professional pursuits.
Courses of Action:
I. All the students joining these colleges should be asked to sign a bond at the time of admission to the effect that they -
will remain in India at least for ten years after they complete education.
II. All those students who desire to settle in the developed nations should be asked to pay entire cost of their education which the government subsidises.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

7. Statement: There is an unprecedented increase in migration of villagers to urban areas as repeated crop failure has put them into precarious financial situation.
Courses of Action:
I. The villagers should be provided with alternate source of income in their villages which will make them stay put.
II. The migrated villagers should be provided with jobs in the urban areas to help them survive.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

8. Statement: If the retired Professors of the same Institutes are also invited to deliberate on restructuring of the organisation, 
their contribution may be beneficial to the Institute.
Courses of Action:
I. Management may seek opinion of the employees before calling retired professors.
II. Management should involve experienced people for the systematic restructuring of the organisation.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

9.Statement: The sale of a particular product has gone down considerably causing great concern to the company.
Courses of Action:
I. The company should make a proper study of rival products in the market.
II. The price of the product should be reduced and quality improved.
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow

10.Statement: The Minister said that the teachers are still not familiarised with the need, 
importance and meaning of population education in the higher education system. 
They are not even clearly aware about their role and responsibilities in the population education programme.
Courses of Action:
I. Population education programme should be included in the college curriculum.
II. Orientation programme should be conducted for teachers on population education
A. Only I follows
B. Only II follows
C. Either I or II follows
D. Neither I nor II follows
E. Both I and II follow



ANSWER KEY : 1- ( B),2- ( E), 3-  ( A), 4- ( E),5- (E),6- ( B), 7-  ( A),8- ( B),9- (A),10- ( B)


Reasoning Quiz


Reasoning Quiz

Directions (1-5): Study she following information carefully and answer the given questions.

Eight friends P, Q, R, S, T, U, V and W are sitting in a straight line facing North. 
Q sits third to the right of V who is second to the right of S. T sits to the immediate right of Q. 
Three persons are sitting between P and W. W who is sitting at one of the extreme ends is sitting second to the left of U.

1. Which of the following is sitting at extreme end of the row?
(1) Q
(2) S
(3) T
(4) R
(5) None of these

2. How many persons are sitting between P and Q?
(1) None
(2) One
(3) Two
(4) Three
(5) More than three

3. Which of the following is/are neighbour of U?
(1) S
(2) R
(3) V
(4) Both S and V
(5) Both S and R

4. What is the position of R with respect to Q?
(1) immediate left
(2) Immediate right
(3) second to left
(4) Second to right
(5) None of these

5. S is related to W and R is related to P in a certain way in the above seating arrangement.
 Which of the following is related to V in the same way?
(1) P
(2) Q
(3) T
(4) R
(5) None of these 

Directions-(6-10) In these questions, relationship between different elements is shown in the statements.
 The statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answers-

(1) If only Conclusion I is true. 
(2) If only Conclusion II is true. 
(3) If either Conclusion I or II is true. 
(4) If neither Conclusion I nor II is true. 
(5) If both Conclusions I and II are true.

6.Statements: 
A > B = C < D < E > F

Conclusions: 
I. F < C
II. A > D 

7.Statements: 
A = B > C > D; E < C 

Conclusions: 
I. E < A 
II. D < E 

8.Statements:
A < B > C > D; A > E; D > F

Conclusions: 
I. F > B
II. B >E

9. Statements: 
A = B < C > D; E > C < F 

Conclusions: 
I. E > A
II. F > D 

10.Statements: 
A > B = C; D < C > E 

Conclusions: 
I. D < A
II. E < A

ANSWERS
1-5

The seating arrangement is

W S U V P R Q T

1. (3)
2. (2)
3. (4)
4. (1)
5. (1)

6. (4)
A > B = C
E > D > C = B
E > F.

7. (1)
A = B > C > D
A = B > C > E

8. (2)
B > C > D > F
B > A > E

9. (5)
E > C > B = A
F > C > B = A
E > C > D
F > C > D


10. (5)
A > B = C > E
A > B = C > D

ANSWERS

(1-5)

The seating arrangement is

W S U V P R Q T

1. (3)  
2. (2)  
3. (4)  
4. (1)  
5. (1)

6. (4)
A > B = C
E > D > C = B
E > F.

7. (1)
A = B > C > D
A = B > C > E

8. (2)
B > C > D > F
B > A > E

9. (5)
E > C > B = A
F > C > B = A
E > C > D
F > C > D

10. (5)
A > B = C > E
A > B = C > D

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Reading Comprehension


Reading Comprehension

Private interest as public purpose

The Bill to amend the 2013 land acquisition Act is neither pro-farmer nor pro-poor

A study of 1660 judgments of the Punjab and Haryana High Court (2009-11) 
shows how the average government compensation for farmers losing land is just about one-fourth of the market value



Next week the economic agenda of the Narendra Modi government will face its biggest test in Parliament. 
The controversial Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition,
 Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Bill, 2015 (LARR) that has been introduced in Lok Sabha is due for consideration of the house on March 9.
 While the government seems determined to push the Bill through Parliament, the opposition parties have vowed to oppose it tooth and nail.

The stakes are very high for both sides. Ensuring hassle-free and cheap land to private companies is a crucial component of the
 economic agenda of the government. The government has made it clear that it will consider only ‘meaningful’ amendments, but will not change the core of the Bill. 
On the other hand, for opposition parties the Bill offers an opportunity for revival. They want to capitalise on the battle that has been raging outside Parliament.

A foot-march by tens of thousands of farmers, agricultural workers and tribals from 16 States reached Jantar Mantar on February 23 to join a protest-
 launched by Anna Hazare.The social activist has described the ordinance as a grave form of injustice to farmers and others who depend on land for livelihood. 
Mr. Hazare has made it clear that the current protest is just a beginning of a larger movement that will continue until the anti-farmer Bill was withdrawn.


That many organisations of farmers, agricultural workers and tribals from different parts of the country have started protests is not surprising. Since Independence, 
millions have been displaced and dispossessed of their livelihood due to land acquisition, and  have received a pittance by way of compensation.

Farmers get a pittance

A study I undertook of 1,660 judgments of the Punjab and Haryana High Court, delivered between 2009 and 2011,
 demonstrates how farmers have been receiving the short end of the stick. 
It shows that the average government compensation is just about one-fourth of the market value of land. In other words, for a land worth Rs. 1 lakh, on average, 
the farmer has received Rs. 25,000 and paid a subsidy of Rs. 75,000 to whoever received the land. If this is the case with farmers-
 who could afford costly litigation, what about those too poor to do so?

As to the landless livelihood loser — sharecroppers, labourers, fishermen and artisans — their situation can best be described in the words of -
Shylock in The Merchant of Venice, Act 4, Scene 1: “You take my life when you do take the means whereby I live.”

Misleading claims

The government has sought to justify the Bill by attacking the LARR as anti-development. The Finance Minister, who is the architect of the ordinance, 
in his blog has criticised the land acquisition process under the Act as: “A highly complicated process of acquisition which renders
 it difficult or almost impossible to acquire land can hurt India’s development.”

Such claims are completely misleading. The LARR had been in place only for a year and there is no evidence-
 suggesting that project delays increased during this period. On the contrary, 
data from the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation show that more than 82 per cent of projects suffered delays -
even under the 1894 Act — the notorious ‘urgency clause’ under this colonial law permitted land acquisition without any scrutiny or hindrance whatsoever. 
Clearly, several factors other than land acquisition also cause delays.

Also, the government has made much of the increase in compensation; now, it can be two to four times the ‘market rates’. 
The corporate sector and its sympathiser claim that the increased compensation has rendered many projects unsustainable, threatening the growth prospects. 
Some UPA leaders also seem to share this view, which is totally baseless, since the officials assess market value using stamp-duty and the sale-deeds rates as proxy.
 As the above-mentioned study of court cases shows, the latter rates are a fraction of the actual market prices. Therefore, even at two to four times the stamp-duty rates, 
the compensation will be less than the actual value.

The SIA and the R&R are crucial for ensuring that people get dispossessed and displaced when it is really worth it. Similarly, 
prior consent of the affected families is a necessary check on the misuse of the eminent domain power of the state. With these provisions absent, 
how can the bill be pro-farmer and pro-poor?

(Ram Singh is Associate Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics.


Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the question given below it. 
Some words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions

Ques. 1 By opposing the bill, how can the  bill can offer an opportunity for the revival of the opposition government?
(a) No matter what, by opposing the efforts of the Modi's government, the UPA can get an access back into the parliament.
(b) By playing the blame game
(c) By playing the sympathy game with the thousands of farmers, agricultural workers and tribals.
(d) By supporting the Anna Hazare, they can gain many votes of his supporters.
(e) None of these

Ques. 2 According to Anna Hazare, why the ordinance is the "grave form of injustice"?
(a) Boosting the industry sector will hamper the growth of the agriculture sector.
(b) The farmers are receiving the pittance by the way of compensation.
(c) Majority of populations will drift towards the industrial sector, which will leave a dent on the agricultural sector.
(d) The government is not providing the right way of living for the farmers.
(e) None of these

Ques. 3 Describe “You take my life when you do take the means whereby I live.”

Ques. 4 Why the huge turn-out of farmers in Anna Hazare protest is not surprising?
(a) People are looking for a leader like Anna Hazare, who can make their voices heard.
(b) Since Independence, millions have been displaced and dispossessed of their livelihood due to land acquisition.
(c) The government has been belligerent and repentant towards the farmer's needs.
(d) After the downfall of Anna Hazare and Arvind Kejriwal, the huge turnout is our of pity for him.
(e) None of these

Ques. 5 Why Arun Jaitley, the architect of the ordinance, criticized it later?

Ques. 6 What is the "urgency clause" in 1894 Act?

Ques. 7 Can Modi's Govt can be considered as the "anti-farmer". Please elaborate.

Ques. 8 Who, according to you, is compassionate and concerned about the farmers - Anna Hazare, Modi & UPA? Elaborate.

Ques. 9 Expand SIA and RAR.

Ques. 10 According to you, how the central government can make the bill pro-farmer and pro-poor?


Directions:  Which of the following words is most opposite in meaning of the word printed in bold as used in the passage?

Ques. 11 Capitalise
(a) obtain
(b) subsidize 
(c) forfeit
(d) exploit
(e) gain

Ques. 12 Litigation
(a) action
(b) dispute 
(c) suit
(d) trial 
(e) None of these

Ques. 13 Hindrance
(a) liberation
(b) cumbrance
(c) impediment
(d) impedance
(e) restraint


Directions: Which of the following words is the same in meaning as the word printed in bold as used in the passage:

Ques. 14 Tooth and Nail
(a) full tilt
(b) go along
(c) make peace
(d) encourage
(e) retreat

Ques. 15 Eminent
(a) notable
(b) common
(c) insignificant
(d) obscure
(e) unnotable

Ques. 16 Scrutiny
(a) inspection
(b) glance
(c) cursory look
(d) ogle
(e) glimpse




ANSWERS
1. c
2. b
4. b
11. c
12. e
13. a
14. a
15. a
16. a


Reading Comprehension


Reading Comprehension

Directions: Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it.
 Certain words have been printed in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

For years now, George W. Bush has told Americans that he would increase the number of troops in Iraq only if,
 the commanders on the ground asked him to do so.It was not a throw away live. Bush said it from the very first days of the war,
 when he and pentagon boss Donald Rumsfeld were criticized for going to war with too few troops.
 He said it right up until last summer, stressing at a news conference in Chicago that Iraq commander-
 General George Casey will make the decisions as to how many troops we have there.
 Seasoned military people suspected that the line was a dodge that the civilians -
who ran the pentagon were testing their personal theory that war can be fought on the cheap and the brass-
 simply knew better than to ask for more in any case the president repeated the mantra to dismiss any suggestion that the war was going badly.
 Who, after all, knew better than the generalson the ground? Now as the war nears the end of its fourth year -
and the number of Americans killed has surpassed 3,000 Bush has dropped the generals know best line sometime next-
 week the president is expected to propose a surge in the number of 45 forces in Iraq for a period of up to two years. A senior official said reinforcements-
 numbering about 20,000 troops and may be more could be in place within months; the surge would0-
 be achieved by extending the stay of some forces already in Iraq and accelerating the deployment of others.


The irony is that while the generals would have liked more troops in the past, they are cool to the idea of spending more now that’s -
in past because the politicians and commanders had trouble agreeing on-
 what the goal of a surge would further erode the readiness of the US’s already stressed ground forces and even those who back a surge are under-
 no illusions about what it would mean to the casualty rate. If you put more American troops on the front line said a white house official, 
you’re going to have more casualties.Coming from Bush, a man known for bold strokes the surge is a strange half-measure-too large for the political climate -
at house too small to crush theinsurgency in Iraq and surely three years too late Bush has waved off a bipartisan rescue-
 mission out of pride stubbornness or ideology or same combination of the three, Rather than reversing course,
 as all the wise elders of the Iraq study group advised,the commander in chief is betting that more troops-
 will lead the way to what one white house official calls “victory.”

1. Bush and Rumsfeld had received brick bats  for-
(1) waging a war against Iraq
(2) testing their personal theories
(3) their assertion in the news conference in Chicago
(4) turning down the demands of general George Casey
(5) None  of these

2. George Bush gave an impression to his subjects that his army commanders were given the autonomy to decide-
(1) when to start or stop the war in Iraq
(2) the reasonable requirement of American troops to fight the war in Iraq
(3) how many troops should Iraq use to fight against the Americans
(4) the pentagon policies regarding war in Iraq
(5) None of these

3. From the content of the passage, which of the following can be definitely inferred?
(A) The US troops in Iraq are happy with their victory
(B) The troops already fighting the war in Iraq are sufficient enough to combat the situation effectively
(C) The Generals who were earlier not in favor of increasing troops in Iraq are now insisting on surge.
(1) A and B only                      
(2) B and C only
(3) A and C only                      
(4) None
(5) All of three

4. Which of the following best describes Bush’s persistent reaction to the observations that the Iraq war strategy was not effective due to inadequate American forces?
(1) Such strategies are better left to army commanders to decide on the ground.
(2) Civilians are the best assessors of such strategies
(3) War can be fought on the cheap
(4) The brass knew better of war but not of politics.
(5) None of these

5. The author of the passage appears to be-
(1) in favor of enhancement of American troops in Iraq
(2) critical about Bush’s strategy of handling situation in Iraq
(3) an impartial assessor of the US strategy related to the situation in Iraq.
(4) an indifferent on looker of what is happening in Iraq
(5) inclined to the idea of with drawl of American troops to save casualty.

6. Which of the following is the assessment of the commander-in chief of US forced in Iraq on the present situation there?
(1) America’s desired goal will be achieved if more troops are deployed in Iraq.
(2) Withdrawal of troops from Iraq is essential to raise the moral of US army.
(3) Further strengthening of the US army in Iraq will be suicidal as it means more destruction of US forces.
(4) Pentagon’s civilians should not have been allowed to interfere with the army commanders’ strategies.
(5) None of these

7. Which of the following strategies would achieve the desired increase in American forces in Iraq?
(A) Continuation obstay of troops for a further period.
(B) Expeditious deployment of additional troops.
(C) Seeking additional input from politicians and commanders of neighboring friendly countries.
(1) A and C only                      
(2) C only
(3) B only                                  
(4) A and B only
(5) None of these

8. Why do the army commanders disfavor enhancement of troops now?
(A) More force means more casualties.
(B) Difference of opinion between politicians and commanders about the aim of the troop enhancement
(C) Probable adverse psychological impact on ground forces.
(1) Only A and B                     
(2) Only B and C
(3) All the three                      
(4) Only A and C
(5) None of these

9. Which of the following made Bush change his thinking about the requirement of forces in Iraq?
(A) The unreasonably long period for which the war continued
(B) The large number of American soldiers killed in the war
(C) Demand from the army commanders
(1) Only A and C                     
(2) Only A and B
(3) Only B and C                     
(4) All three
(5) Only C

Directions (10-12): Which of the following is most OPPOSITE in meaning of the word given in bold as used in the passage?

10. Cool
(1) Warm                                 
(2) Enthusiastic
(3) Unwelcome                       
(4) Intemperate
(5) Indifferent

11. Surge
(1) Enhancement                   
(2) Trivializing
(3) Reduction                         
(4) Strengthening
(5) Up gradation

12. Stubbornness
(1) Uncertainty                       
(2) Weakness
(3) Acceptability                    
(4) Infirmity
(5) Flexibility

Directions (13-15): Which of the following is most nearly the SAME in meaning as the word given in bold as used in passage?

13. Illusion
(1) Reality                                 
(2) Reflection
(3) Fantastic                            
(4) Delusion
(5) Deviation

14. Insurgency
(1) Rebellion                           
(2) Ingredient
(3) Combat                               
(4) Debacle
(5) Violation

15. Irony
(1) Leveling                              
(2) Precaution
(3) Controversy                      
(4) Mockery
(5) Perception



ANSWERS
1. 5
2. 2
3. 4
4. 1
5. 2
6. 1
7. 4
8. 2
9. 2
10. 1
11. 3
12. 5
13. 4
14. 1
15. 4