KRISHNA MOHAN

Sunday, 23 July 2017

Sentence Correction

Directions (1-15): In the following sentence correction questions, a part of the sentence is in bold. From the given options find the grammatically correct option.

Q1. The Glass House Mountains in Queensland, Australia, were sighted in 1770 by the English navigator Captain James Cook, by whom they were named supposedly because its sheer wet rocks glistened like glass.

(a) by whom they were named supposedly because its

(b) by whom they were named supposedly and their

(d) who so named them supposedly because their

(e) who so named it since supposedly their

Q2. Although a surge in retail sales have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally under way, many economists say that without a large amount of spending the recovery might not last.

(a) have raised hopes that there is a recovery finally

(b) raised hopes for there being a recovery finally

(d) has raised hopes that a recovery is finally

(e) raised hopes for a recovery finally

Q3. Although various eighteenth-and nineteenth-century American poets had professed an interest in Native American poetry and had pretended to imitate Native American forms in their own works, until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study traditional Native American poetry in native languages.

(a) until almost 1900, scholars and critics did not begin seriously to study

(b) until almost 1900 scholars and critics had not begun seriously studying

(d) it was not almost until 1900 when scholars and critics began to seriously study

(e) it was not until almost 1900 that scholars and critics seriously began studying

Q4. Of all the vast tides of migration that have swept through history, maybe none is more concentrated as the wave that brought 12 million immigrants onto American shores in little more than three decades.

(a) maybe none is more concentrated as

(b) it may be that none is more concentrated as

(d) maybe it is none that was more concentrated than

(e) perhaps none was more concentrated than

Q5. Diabetes, together with its serious complications, ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only by heart disease and cancer.

(a) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, surpassed only

(b) ranks as the nation’s third leading cause of death, only surpassed

(d) are the nation’s third leading causes of death, surpassed only

(e) have been ranked as the nation’s third leading causes of death, only surpassed

Q6. In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.

(a) due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing

(b) due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallize

(c) because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallize

(d) because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallize

(e) because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing

Q7. As its sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, the company has become increasingly willing to compete for the mass market sales they would in the past have conceded to rivals.

(a) they would in the past have conceded to rivals

(b) they would have conceded previously to their rivals

(d) it previously would have conceded to rivals in the past

(e) it would in the past have conceded to rivals

Q8. The widely accepted big bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.

(a) that the universe began in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding

(b) that the universe had begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and had been expanding

(d) the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago that is expanding

(e) the universe to have begun in an explosive instant ten to twenty billion years ago and has been expanding

Q9. Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings, James Joyce and Virginia Woolf are often subjected to the kind of veneration that blurs the distinction between the artist and the human being.

(a) Like the idolization accorded the Brontes and Brownings,

(b) As the Brontes’ and Brownings’ idolization,

(d) As it is of the Brontes and Brownings,

(e) Like the Brontes and Brownings,

Q10. Carnivorous mammals can endure what would otherwise be lethal levels of body heat because they have a heat-exchange network which kept the brain from getting too hot.

(a) which kept

(b) that keeps

(d) that has been keeping

(e) having kept

Q11. There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar.

(a) the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid

(b) forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them

(d) to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay them

(e) that bricks were formed from mud or clay, which, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, were laid

Q12. Rising inventories, when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead to production cutbacks that would hamper economic growth.

(a) when unaccompanied correspondingly by increases in sales, can lead

(b) when not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, possibly leads

(d) if not accompanied by correspondingly increased sales, possibly leads

(e) if not accompanied by corresponding increases in sales, can lead

Q13. A surge in new home sales and a drop in weekly unemployment claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought.

(a) claims suggest that the economy might not be as weak as some analysts previously thought

(b) claims suggests that the economy might not be so weak as some analysts have previously thought

(d) claims, suggesting about the economy that it might not be so weak as previously thought by some analysts

(e) claims, suggesting the economy might not be as weak as previously thought to be by some analysts

Q14. Sunspots, vortices of gas associated with strong electromagnetic activity, are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on the Sun’s poles or equator.

(a) are visible as dark spots on the surface of the Sun but have never been sighted on

(b) are visible as dark spots that never have been sighted on the surface of the Sun

(d) appear as dark spots on the surface of the Sun, although never having been sighted at

(e) appear as dark spots on the Sun’s surface, which have never been sighted on

Q15. Warning that computers in the United States are not secure, the National Academy of Sciences has urged the nation to revamp computer security procedures, institute new emergency response teams, creating a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning.

(a) creating a special nongovernment organization to take

(b) creating a special nongovernment organization that takes

(d) and create a special nongovernment organization for taking

(e) and create a special nongovernment organization to take

Solutions

S1. Ans.(d)

Sol. Agreement; Rhetorical construction

To avoid a wordy and confusing series of passive clauses, the relative clause explaining what James Cook did should be an active-voice construction (who so named rather than by whom they were named). The possessive pronoun referring to the Glass House Mountains should be plural (their rather than its), to agree with the plural antecedent.

Hence, D is Correct. This concise sentence uses active-voice construction in the relative clause and maintains agreement between the pronoun their and its antecedent.

S2. Ans.(d)

Sol. Agreement; Rhetorical construction

The subject of the first clause, the singular noun surge, must take the singular verb has raised rather than the plural “have raised”. It is superfluous and pointless to say that people hope both that there is a recovery and that such a recovery is underway. In this context, ‘there is’ adds nothing and can be omitted to create a more concise sentence.

Hence, (d) is Correct. In this sentence, the subject and verb agree, and the verb is in the appropriate tense; “a recovery is finally” is clear and concise.

S3. Ans.(e)

Sol. Verb form; Rhetorical construction

The past-perfect verbs had professed and had pretended designate a time (eighteenth and nineteenth century) earlier than simple past tense, so the second clause, explaining what happened around 1900, must use the past tense. The placement of the phrase until almost 1900 at the beginning of the second clause is confusing. Does it refer back to the first verb or forward to the next verb?

Hence, (e) Correct. The phrase “not until almost 1900” is properly placed, and the verb in the main clause is in the simple past tense.

S4. Ans.(e)

Sol. Idiom; Verb form

This sentence depends on the comparative structure x is more than y. Here, an idiomatically incorrect construction x (none) is more as y (the wave) is used. In addition, the second part of the sentence uses the past tense verb brought, indicating that the event is over. The verb used in the comparative construction must also be past tense, x (none) was more concentrated than y (the wave). Maybe and perhaps are interchangeable; perhaps is slightly more formal.

Hence, (e) is Correct. The correct comparative construction is used in this sentence; the verb is past tense.

S5. Ans.(a)

Sol. Agreement; Logical predication

This sentence correctly matches the singular verb, ranks, with the singular subject, diabetes, and uses the present tense to indicate a current situation. The phrase following diabetes is set off by a pair of commas, indicating that it is descriptive information that may be dropped from the sentence; it is not a part of the subject. Only is placed with precision next to the group of words it actually limits, by heart disease and cancer. Placed before surpassed, only would more ambiguously limit surpassed.

Hence, (a) Correct. In the original sentence, the subject and verb agree, and the proper tense is used; only is correctly placed next to the phrase it limits.

S6. Ans.(e)

Sol. Agreement; Parallelism

The plural subject chambers require plural pronouns. The sentence explains a causal sequence: visitors’ breadth introduced moisture that caused salt to crystallize, which caused the chambers to be closed for cleaning and repair. The phrase due to makes this causal sequence somewhat ambiguous, seeming to suggest that the repairs were due to humidity from visitors’ breath.

(e) Correct. The causal sentence is clear, and them clearly refers to chambers.

S7. Ans.(e)

Sol. Agreement; Rhetorical construction

When a number of words intervene between a pronoun and its referent, an error such as the one in this sentence is easy to make. The subject of the main clause is the singular noun company, so the pronoun referring to the company must also be singular. Even if the company might be thought of as referring to the members of a business, the singular verb (has become increasingly willing) establishes that the noun is singular in this sentence.

Hence, (e) Correct. In this concise sentence, the singular pronoun it agrees with the singular referent the company.

S8. Ans.(a)

Sol. Logical predication; Verb form

The sentence describes the central tenet of a theory about how the universe began. The focus of the second clause should be consistently on the subject the universe, and all verbs in the clause beginning with that must describe what the universe did at the initial explosive moment.

Hence , (a) is Correct. Both verbs in the second clause correctly take universe as their subject.

S9. Ans.(e)

Sol. Logical predication

This sentence intends to compare nineteenth-and twentieth-century writers. Instead the comparison becomes ambiguous and illogical. Like must be used to compare similar elements: Joyce and Woolf are like the Brontes and the Brownings; they are not like the idolization.

(e) Correct. In this sentence, like introduces a clear and concise comparison that correctly links the nineteenth-and twentieth-century writers.

S10. Ans.(b)

Sol. Verb form; Rhetorical construction

The use of the past tense (kept) is incorrect because a current situation is discussed; the present tense (keeps) is consistent with the other verbs in the sentence. In (A) and (C), which introduces a restrictive clause. Some writers follow the convention that which can only be used for nonrestrictive clauses, but insistence on this rule is controversial, and both (A) and (C) can be rejected on other grounds.

Hence, (b) is Correct. The verb keeps indicates a current situation and is consistent with the other verbs in the sentence. The sentence is clear and concise.

S11. Ans.(d)

Sol. Parallelism; Verb form

The purpose of the sentence is to describe the historically most popular method of building walls. The first clause announces this topic and the second clause describes the particular method. The clearest, most efficient way to accomplish these two pieces of business is to use a parallel structure. The ways to build in the first clause is narrowed to the single way to form and to lay in the second clause. These is no need to alternate the verb phrases between active and passive voice or to shift tenses.

Hence, (d) is Correct. The phrases to form and to lay in the second clause are parallel to “to build” in the first clause.

S12. Ans.(e)

Sol. Diction; Agreement

The modifying phrase when… sales is needlessly difficult to understand. The adverb correspondingly is incorrectly and ambiguously used; using the adjective corresponding to modify increases in sales makes the intended meaning clearer. Unaccompanied is not wrong but not accompanied more effectively expresses the intended negation.

(e) Correct. Not accompanied emphasizes the negative and is preferable to unaccompanied in this usage; corresponding modifies increases in sales; the modifier is clear and comprehensible, and there is no subject-verb agreement problem.

S13. Ans.(a)

Sol. Agreement; Grammatical construction

The plural subject of this sentence (surge and drop) requires a plural verb, suggest. The object of this verb, the clause beginning with that, should be presented in as clear and direct a manner as possible.

(a) Correct. The plural subject is matched with a plural verb.

S14. Ans.(a)

Sol. Logical predication; Parallelism

The correct parallel structure in the original sentence emphasizes the contrast between where sunspots are found (are visible… Sun) and where they are not (have never been sighted… equator). Sunspots is the subject of the sentence; are is the verb of the first part of the contrast, and have been sighted is the verb of the second. (The adjective visible is a complement and is parallel to the past participle sighted.) Both parts of the sentence conclude with phrases indicating location. The contrast itself is indicated by the conjunction but.

(a) Correct. This sentence clearly and correctly draws a contrast between where sunspots are found and where they are not.

S15. Ans.(e)

Sol. Parallelism; Grammatical construction

This sentence contains a list of three elements, all of which should be parallel. The last element should be preceded by the conjunction and. In this sentence, the last element must be made parallel to previous two: to (1) revamp computer security procedures, (2) institute new emergency response teams, and (3) create a special nongovernment organization to take charge of computer security planning. Omitting and causes the reader to anticipate still another element in the series when there is none. Using the participle creating not only violates parallelism but also causes misreading since the participial phrase could modify the first part of the sentence. To does not need to be repeated with institute and create because it is understood.

(e) Correct. The three elements in the series are parallel in this sentence, and the last is preceded by ‘and’.

English Questions

Directions (1-5): In each of the following questions, there are four sentences or parts of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency). Then, choose the most appropriate option.

Q1. A. Sometimes, we think we are only the people with problems.

B. Our problems override other considerations; we can't think beyond our own vexations.

C. When we see a small dampness on our wall we scurry to get them repaired and corrected,

D. but we don't think of people whose homes have been washed away by the rage of the rain gods.

(a) A and B

(b) B and D

(d) C and D

(e) None of the above

Q2. A. Chen Jianping repeated again on twitter something her fiancé said

B. about anti-Japan protests getting violent, and added, "Charge, angry youth!"

C. For this she was sentenced one year in a labour camp.

D. Twitter is banned in China, but its easy to use blocked sites with simple internet tricks.

(a) A only

(b) B only

(d) B and D

(e) None of the above

Q3. A. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is gyre of marine litter in the central North Pacific Ocean.

B. The patch extends over a very wide area, with estimates ranging from area

C. the size of the state of Texas to one larger as the continental United States;

D. however, the exact size is unknown.

(a) A and D

(b) B and C

(d) D only

(e) None of the above

Q4. A. At media agency Mindshare's Mumbai office

B. sit a team of ninety-three individuals

C. who's only focus is the consumer giant Hindustan Unilever.

D. In fact, this unit occupies an area the size of most mid-sized agency's in this country.

(a) A only

(b) A and C

(d) B and C

(e) None of the above

Q5. A. One of the classroom exercise I conduct with my Persuasive Communication students

B. at IIMA is taken from Kurukshestra war.

C. I ask a student to be Kunti, other to be Karna.

D. Kunti has to persuade Karna to leave Duryodhana and join the Pandavas.

(a) A only

(b) A and B

(d) D only

(e) None of the above

Directions (6-10): In each of the following questions, a statement and five choices are given. Select from among the choices, the most logical complement and mark its number as your answer.

Q6. Electricity is the backbone of industrial development

(a) Many of our new electric projects are lying abandoned.

(b) The authorities are exploring the possibility of starting non-conventional energy sources.

(d) People demand some urgent measures to improve the situation.

(e) Hydroelectric projects are unable to meet the demand.

Q7. Our country is rapidly becoming a consumer nation.

(a) The nation must stand on its own legs.

(b) For financial progress we must reduce import and increase export.

(d) We are not yet Independent because we depend on other countries in certain fields.

(e) India must become self – sufficient and reduce importing goods.

Q8. Children find it difficult to get admission to primary schools as demand exceeds supply.

(a) The government is against starting new schools.

(b) Primary education has been declared compulsory.

(d) The private sector is exerting influence upon the ruling party to recommend the opening of new schools.

(e) The private schools make the most of the situation and charge hefty fees.

Q9. The C.B.I. presented an incriminating report about the minister’s foreign connection.

(a) The Newspapers published a lot of nonsense.

(b) The court ordered a judicial enquiry into the whole affair.

(d) The party-connection emboldens everybody to do whatever he likes.

(e) The C. B. I need to look into all aspects before arresting a senior politician.

Q10. The author’s new book was widely accepted by the common people but it angered those in power.

(a) The book was acclaimed for the political criticism it contained.

(b) The author has employed all his power of observation to prepare the book.

(d) To secure a valid passport the author had to force a lot of political intervention.

(e) The author’s new book is not available in any of the book shops.

Directions (11-15): Rearrange the following SIX sentences (A), (B), (C), (D), (E) and (F) in the proper sequence to form a meaningful paragraph; then answer the questions given below them.

A. Indeed, one recent study found that spending money on others is more rewarding than spending it on oneself.
B. It feels good to be good.
C. The paradoxical finding here is that one great trick to being happy is to forget about being happy and instead try to increase the happiness of others.
D. The effects of our kindness are not zero-sum.
E. Those who receive charity have their lives improved, but those who provide it also benefit.
F. It’s not just short-term pleasure: those who donate wealth and time to others tend to be a lot happier in their entire lives than those who do not.

Q11. Which of the following will be the FIRST sentence after rearrangement?
(a) B
(b) C
(c) D
(d) E
(e) F

Q12. Which of the following will be the SECOND sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) E

Q13. Which of the following will be the THIRD sentence after rearrangement?
(a) B
(b) C
(c) D
(d) E
(e) A

Q14. Which of the following will be the SIXTH sentence after rearrangement?
(a) A
(b) B
(c) C
(d) D
(e) F

Q15. Which of the following will be the FOURTH sentence after rearrangement?
(a) B
(b) C
(c) D
(d) E
(e) A

Solutions

S1. Ans.(b)

Sol. Answer Option B. B and D. In A ‘only’ is misplaced; “we are the only people…” In C, the pronoun ‘them’ is inconsistent (in number) with its antecedent’ a small dampness’; ‘it’ is the correct pronoun.

S2. Ans.(b)

Sol. Answer Option B. B only. In A ‘repeated again’ is redundant. ‘repeated’ is correct. In C, ‘sentenced one year…’ is incorrect; ‘sentenced to one year…’ will make it correct. In D, its is used instead of it’s.

S3. Ans.(d)

Sol. Answer Option D. D only. In A ‘gyre’ needs a determiner before that ‘a gyre’ would be correct. In B ‘ranging from an area…’ would be correct. In ‘as large as’ or ‘larger than’ would correct the part. “larger as” is incorrect.

S4. Ans.(a)

Sol. Answer Option A. A only. In B, The verb ‘sit’ for the subject ‘team’ is incorrect. It should be ‘sits’. In C, who’s has to be replaced with ‘whose’. In D agency’s is incorrect, it should be agencies.

S5. Ans.(d)

Sol. Answer Option D. D only. A should be corrected to ‘one of the …exercises’. B has to include the definite article” the Kurukshetra war”. C should be corrected “another to be…” D has no error.

S6. Ans.(c)

Sol. Reliable and uninterrupted power is a prerequisite for development. Other options do not follow the idea expressed in the question statement logically. Either they distort the message or introduce new idea.

S7. Ans.(b)

Sol. For financial progress we must reduce import and increase export. Other options do not follow the idea expressed in the question statement logically. Either they distort the message or introduce new idea.

S8. Ans.(e)

Sol. Since demand is higher than supply in schools for admission, the private schools make the most of the situation and charge hefty fees.

S9. Ans.(b)

Sol. The court ordered a judicial enquiry into the whole affair. Since report was submitted to the court hence judge ordered an enquiry into the case. Hence option C logically follow course of action.

S10. Ans.(a)

Sol. the book was acclaimed for the political criticism it contained.

S11. Ans.(c)