Landforms by Running Water and its Three Stages

Landforms by Running Water and its Three Stages

Landforms by Running Water and its Three Stages

Denudation is general lowering of earth’s surface by agents of erosion such as Wind, Water, Ice, Waves etc. Unlike glaciers & snow, which are confined to cold & temperate latitudes;  waves, which acts only on coastlines;  winds, are only efficient in deserts; the effect of running water is felt all over the world, thus, making it the most important agent of denudation.

The source of river is generally found in an upland region with a slope down for the run offs

Hence, the uplands form the catchment areas of the rivers & the crest of mountains become the divide or watershed from which the streams flows down the slope

The initial stream that exists as a consequence of the slope is called the consequent stream

As the consequent stream wears down the surface, it is joined by several tributaries from either side

Course of a River

Upper Course

• Gorge
• Rapids
• Waterfall
• River Capture Middle Course
• Interlocking spurs
• River Cliffs
• Meanders

Upper or Mountain Course (Youth stage)

• Begins at the source of the river near the watershed, generally at the crest of mountain range
• Flow is very swift as it descends the steep slopes & predominant action of the river is vertical erosion
• Valley developed is thus deep, narrow & distinctively V shaped which sometimes results in formation of gorges & canyons

Some of the features associated with the upper course of the river –River Capture

• Also known as river piracy or river beheading
• Its development depends upon different rate of back cutting (headword erosion) into a divide mainly due to difference in precipitation received by streams.

• If one side of the divide cut more rapidly than the other then its greater erosive power will succeed in enlarging its basin at the expense of weaker stream.
• For example in given figure, Stream A may eventually break through the divide & capture & pirate stream B.
• The bend at which the piracy occurs is termed as Elbow of the capture & the beheaded stream is called as misfit.
• The valley below the elbow is wind gap which may be useful for road & rail route

Rapids, Cataracts & Waterfalls

• Liable to occur in any part of river course but most numerous in mountains course where changes in gradient are more abrupt & frequent.
• Due to unequal resistance of hard & soft rocks transverse by a river, the outcrop of hard rock may cause a river to jump & fall, known as
• Similar falls of greater dimensions are referred as
• When river plunges down in a sudden fall via. some height, they are called
• Their greater force usually wears out a plunge pool beneath.

Middle or Valley Course (Maturity stage)

• In the middle course, lateral corrosion tends to replace vertical corrosion; active corrosion of the bank thus widens V shaped valleys.
• Volume of water increases with the confluence of many tributaries which increases river’s load.
• The work of the river is predominantly transportation with some deposition in clearer manner, although velocity does not decrease.

Some of the features associated with the Middle course of the river 

  Interlocking spurs

• Downstream, interlocking spurs that project from both side of the valley are cut back into a line of bluffs.
• Rain-wash, soil creeps, landslides & gullying gradually widens the valley, cutting back the sides
• As the stream flows on, the meanders migrate progressively outward with the interlocking spurs alternating with the undercut slopes.
• Meanders in the middle course are only the beginning of the downward swing as bends are restricted by the interlocking spurs.
• In the lower course, the loops are enlarged across the level plain & meanders are fully developed

River cliffs & Slip off slopes

• When the flow of water PQ enters the bend of the river, it dashes straight into Q, eroding the outer bank into a steep river cliff at Q.

• The water piles up on the outside of the bend due to centrifugal force.
• A bottom current RS is setup in a cork screw motion & is hurled back into midstream & inner bank. Shingle is thus deposited here at S, where the slip off is gentle.
• The outer bank is therefore the bank of continuous erosion & the inner bank is the bank of continuous deposition.

Meanders

• As water flowing under gravity seldom flows straight for long distance, a winding course soon develops

• The irregularities of the ground forces the river to swing in loops forming Meanders

Lower or Plain Course (Old Stage)

• The river moving downstream across a broad, level plain is heavy with debris brought down from the upper course.
• Vertical corrosion has almost ceased though lateral corrosion still goes on to erode its banks further.
• Volume of water is greatly swelled with work of the river is mainly depositional, building up its bed & forming flood plains.

The Himalaya and Karakoram Glacier Rivers include

The Himalaya and Karakoram Glacier Rivers include

• Ganga (Ganges)
• Brahmaputra
• Indus (Sindhu)

Ganga is the most sacred river of India and is known around the world for its significance of purity in the Hindu culture. The Ganga and Indus Basin are themselves major river systems featuring 16 important Indian rivers (10 rivers in Ganga basin and 6 major rivers in the Indus basin).

The Ganga River System includes the following rivers (10 major rivers plus DamodarRiver and Hugli River):

Rivers	Length (KM)	Origin	End
Ganga	2,525	Gangotri Glacier (Bhagirathi), Uttarakhand	Bay of Bengal
Yamuna	1,376	Yamunotri Glacier, Uttarakhand	Merges with Ganga at Allahabad (TriveniSangam - KumbhMela spot
Brahmaputra	1,800	Himalayan Glacier in Tibet, but enters India in Arunachal Pradesh	Merges with Ganga and ends in Bay of Bengal
Chambal	960	Tributary of Yamuna river, starting at Madhya Pradesh	Joins Yamuna river in UP
Son	784	Tributary of Ganga, starting at Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh	Joins Ganga just above Patna - also considered part of Vindhya river system
Gandak	630	Nepal; Ganges tributary at Indo-Nepal border (TriveniSangam)	Joins Ganga near Patna
Kosi	720	Starts from Bihar near Indo-Nepal border	Joins Ganga near Katihar district of Bihar
Betwa	590	Tributary of Yamuna, rises at Vindhya region, MP	Joins Yamuna at Hamirpur in UP
Gomti	900	Tributary of Ganga, starting at GomatTaal, UP	Joins Ganga in Varanasi district
Ghaghra	1080	Himalayan Glacier in tibet, tributary of Ganga	Joins Ganga in Bihar
Hugli (Hooghly)	260	Tributary of Ganga near West Bengal	Merges with Ganga at Bay of Bengal
Damodar	592	Tributary of Hugli near Chandwar, Jharkhand	Merges with Hugli in West Bengal

Although Hugli and Damodar rivers play a very important role in shaping the local civilisation and local economy, they are not considered as the most important rivers of the Ganga river riversystem.

The Indus River System includes the following 6 major rivers:

Rivers	Length (KM)	Origin	End
Indus	3180	Originates in Tibetan plateau, Enters India in J&K	Merges into Arabina sea near Sindh
Chenab	960	Upper Himalayas in the Spiti district of Himachal Pradesh	Merges with Indus
Jhelum	725	Tributary of Chenub river, Punjab	Merges with Chenab at Jhang (Pakistan)
Ravi	720	Starts from Bara Bhangal, Kangra district, Himachal Pradesh	Joins Chenab in Pakistan
Sutlej	1500	Tributary of Indus river, originates at Rakshastal, Tibet	Meets Beas river in Pakistan and ends at Arabian sea
Beas	470	Rises at Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh	Joins Sutlej river in Punjab, India

Western Ghats Rivers:

Rivers	Length (KM)	Origin	End
Kaveri	765	Talakaveri in Western Ghats in Karnataka	Ends in Bay of Bengal
Krishna	1400	Originates in the Western Ghats near Mahabaleshwar in Maharashtra	Ends in Bay of Bengal near Andhra Pradesh
Godavari	1465	Starts in Maharashtra and passes through 7 Indian states	Empties in Bay of Bengal
Tungabhadra	531	Tributary of Krishna river staring at Karnataka	Joins Krishna river along the border of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh

Vindhya and Satpura Ranges rivers:

Rivers	Length (KM)	Origin	End
Tapti	724	Rises in Eastern Satpura Ranges, Madhya Pradesh	Empties into Gulf of Khambat, Gujarat
Mahi	580	Rises in Madhya Pradesh	Flows into Arabian sea from Gujarat
Narmada	1315	Starts from Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh	Drains into Arabian sea via Gulf of Cambay

Other Important notes on Indian rivers to remember:

River Saraswati is a mythical river and is part of the Hindu triveniSangam mythology of the confluence of Ganga, Yamuna and Saraswati rivers. SaraswatiRiver is thought to be flowing under the ground and meeting Ganga and Yamuna at the Kumbhmela spot.

Meghna a major river in Bangladesh is a tributary if Indian Brahmaptura river and also empties in Bay of Bengal.

River Tapi is a river in Thailand and is not to be confused with Indian River Tapti (Tapati).

Marketing

Marketing

1. A lead means – A prospective buyer

2. Benchmark means – set standards

3. Customization means – specific products for each customer

4. Customer retention means – customers dealing with same organization for long time

5. Value Added Service means – additional service

6. The sequence of the sales process is – Lead, call, presentation and sale

7. "POS" means – Point Of Sale.

8. Market Research is useful for – deciding proper marketing strategies

9. A ‘call’ means – visiting prospective customer.

10. Online marketing is the function of - I.T Department

11. Customization is useful for – Designing customer specific products.

12. The key challenge to market driven strategy is – Delivering superior values to the customers.

13. Effective selling skills depends on – knowledge level of the sales team.

14.  Generation of sales leads can be improved by – increasing personal and professional contacts.

15.  A market plan is – Documented marketing strategies

16.  Marketing channel mean – Delivery outlets.

17.  Social Marketing means - marketing for a social cause.

18.  Service marketing means - Relationship Marketing

19.  Market driven Strategies include – positioning the organization and its brand in the market place.

20.  Innovation in marketing means – Creativity

21.  Personal loan can de canvassed among – Salaried persons

22.  A presentation means – explaining the utility of products

23.  Conversion means – converting a prospective client into a buyer

24.  Modern style of marketing include – digital marketing, telemarketing, e-commerce, e-mail solicitation

25.  e-marketing is same as – digital marketing

26.  Aggressive marketing is necessitated due to – increased competition

27.  Efficient marketing style requires – proper planning, good communication skill, team work, knowledge of products.

28.  The performance of a sales person depends on – ability and willingness of the sales person.

29.  The sole aim of marketing is to – increase sales.

30.  Lead generation means – likely sources for prospective clients.

31.  CRM – Customer Relationship Management

32.  CRM is – A pre sale activity/ a tool for lead generation/ an ongoing daily activity/the task of a DSA.

33.  Bancassuranse can be sold to – All existing and prospective bank customers. 

34.  A successful “Blue Ocean Strategy” requires – effective communication/innovative skills/motivation.

35.  Cross selling is the basic function of all sales persons.

36.  Data mining means – analysing the data stored with the back office staff.

37.  SME means – small and medium enterprises 

38.  The first step in the transaction processing cycle is – data entry

39.  Collecting personal information and effectively posing as another individual is known as – the crime of spoofing

40.  A presentation means: Explain the utility products

41.  Relationship Marketing is useful for:  Cross-selling of products

42.  Good Public Relation indicate: Improved marketing skills, Improved brand image,   Improved customer service.

43.  Networking helps in marking marketing function: An easy task

44.  Delivery channel means — Place where products are made available to the buyers

45.  One of the methods for market monitoring is — To discuss with other sales persons

46.  A scenario in which a customer has too much awareness of the Brand is called: Over Positioning

47.  Creating a distinctive place in the minds of customer means: Brand Positioning

48.  Say’s Law of Markets states that — Supply creates its own demand

49.  Gresham’s Law states that — Bad money drives good money out of circulation

50.  Investment is defined as a— Change in the stock of capital

Marketing

Marketing Questions For The Interview

1. What is Marketing?
Ans: Marketing is the process of determining consumer demand for a product or service , motivating its sale and distributing it into ultimate consumption at a profit.

2. What are the differences between Selling and Marketing ?

	Selling	Marketing
1	It is an operational activity	Marketing is a concept which involves identification of customer needs and promoting the product to get it sold. Thus, selling is the part of marking
2.	It is product oriented i.e. . it deals with sales forecast and sales volume	It is consumer oriented i.e. It deals with consumer taste and preferances.
3.	Selling encashes profitable opportunity	It convertss customer needs into saleable opportunity

3. What is marketing management? 
Ans : It is the process of planning and executing the conception , pricing , promotion and distribution of goods , service , 

and ideas to create exchanges with target groups that satisfy customer and organizational objectives.

4. What are the key functional aspects of Marketing Management ?
Ans :  
1. Analysis : This involves understanding the customer needs and identifying the target market.
2. Planning: This involves designing the marketing programmes and tactics to promote products in targeted market.
3. Implementation: Implementing the plan.
4. Control : This involves the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques including budgetary control , control of marketing mix etc to evaluate the progress of implemented plan.

5. What is a product ?
Ans : “Product is anything that can be offered to a market for attention , acquisition, use or consumption ” (Kotler)

6. What is service ?
Ans: Kotler and Bloom defined service as “ any act or performance that one party can offer to another that is essentially intangible and does not result in the ownership of anything.

 Its production may or may not be tied to a physical product “

7. What are the differences between product and service ?
Ans :  

Product	Service
Tangible	Intangible
Homogeneous	Heterogeneous
It can be kept in stock	Production and consumption happen simultaneously.Thus, it can’t be kept in stock
Transfer of ownership	No transfer of ownership
It is a thing	It is an activity or process

8. What are the 4 Ps of marketing OR what is marketing mix ?
Ans : 1.Price  2. Product 3. Place 4. Promotion

9. What are 4 Cs of marketing?
Ans : 
1. Customer needs and wants
2. Cost to the customer
3. Convenience
4. Communication
   
10. What are the 7 Ps of Service Marketing ?
Ans :  
1. Product (i.e. service)
2. Price
3. Promotion
4. Place
5. People ( Employees involved in delivering service to customers)
6. Physical Evidence
7. Process

11. What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs ?
Ans : 
Maslow categorized customer’s needs into 5 types
1. Physiological needs : food , drink , sleep
2. Safety needs : protection from threatening situation and economic security.
3. Social needs : friendship , affection and sense of belonging
4. Esteem needs : self respect , recognition , status and success
5. Self – actualization : self – fulfillment.

12. What is a product life cycle?
Ans : 
Product life can be divided into 4 stages.
1. Introduction : Period of  initial low sales and slow pick up in the market. Eg : net banking and mobile banking.
2. Growth : Sales grow rapidly due to fast increasing market acceptance resulting in substantial improvement in profits. Eg: RTGS and NEFT.
3. Maturity : A slowdown in sales growth rate leading to peaking of sales , due to the potential buyers having been fully tapped.
4. Decline : Sales at this stage experience a declining rate of growth and profits erode. Eg : Demand Draft.

13. What are the two costs which have to be considered while pricing bank products?
Ans: 1. Interest Cost   2. Service Cost

14. What are the distribution channels involved in banking services?
Ans: 
1. Bank Branch
2. Telephone Banking and Call Centers
3.  Automated Teller Machines
4. Virtual Branches and Automated Video Banking.


15. What is Banking Codes Standards Board of India (BCSBI).? 
Banking Codes Standards Board of India (BCSBI)
The Reserve Bank of India established BCSBI in 2007 to ensure that the common consumer of financial services from the banking industry gets what he/she has been promised.

 The Board operates as an independent and autonomous body. Membership of BCSBI is voluntary and open to scheduled banks.

From 2015, performance ratings of Banks on customer services will be put in public domain by Banking Codes Standards Board of India (BCSBI).
BCSBI is rating banks on customer services on 5 parameters:

• Information dissemination
• Transparency
• Customer-centricity
• Grievance redressal system
• Customer feedback

BCSBI rated 48 banks for customer service of which only 5 scored high ratings; 25 were rated above average; 17 average; and one below average. 

The ratings will be made public in 2015. However, banks are not allowed to use these ratings to solicit business.
Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers

The Code of Bank’s Commitment to Customers is a Code of Customer Rights, which sets minimum standards of-

 banking practices that member banks have to comply with when they deal with individual customers. 

The Code provides protection to customers and explains the manner in which banks are supposed to deal with customers in their day-to-day operations.

Marketing

Marketing Notes

MARKETING: Marketing is a social and managerial process through which needs and wants of individual/organisation are satisfied by the exchange of goods and services.

NEED: Need can be defined as something that is necessary for survival.
Ex: Drinking water when thirsty is a need.

WANT: It can be called as different ways of satisfying need.
Ex: Drinking coca-cola(or frooti) when thirsty(options avail.)

Selling works on PUSH strategy,whereas marketing works on PULL strategy.

Selling is always a subset of marketing,marketing is a superset.Sales related with short term relations and marketing focuses on long term relations.

Purpose of selling is to make profit immediately.(Ex: general stores)

Purpose of marketing is to make customer satisfaction and to maintain long term relations.(Ex:DELL service)

Customer: A customer is the recipient of good/service/idea obtained from a seller.

Consumer: The one who consumed or utilises good/product is called as consumer. A customer may or may not be a consumer.
Ex: A father purchases a 5star for his son, here father is the customer and son is the  consumer.

Steps in marketing: 

• Marketing research 
• Product management 
• Price 
• Promotion 
• Place 
• After sales service 
• Feedback 

Types of consumer goods: 
Consumer goods (such as bread, milk,paper, sugar) that are bought often and consumed routinely.

Impulse: Purchased suddenly on stimuli(Ex:chocolates kept at billing counter).
Shopping goods: Goods which are occasionally purchased,cost is moderate. People invest time and efforts.Brand may be considered.
Ex:Textiles,watches,costumes.

Special goods: Goods which are purchased very rarely as they are very expensive.one or two outlets are available.people are extremely brand conscious.
Ex: Jewellery,paintings,BMW cars.

Unsought goods: Even though customers are not interested,he/she forced to buy because of some obligations.
Ex: Insurance policies,ice box for the dead.

Niche market: Market which focuses on particular segment and creating distinct image.
Ex: nano car.

Customised product: Customer requirements are taken into account.

Augmented product: Improvement made by the manufacturer voluntarily.

Potential product: Which may introduce in the future depending on technological and economic resources of the firm.

Unique selling proposition(USP): A quality feature design which is available only in one product which is not in other products.
Ex: bajaj pulsar,yamaha fz.

Product mix: All different range of products offered by a company.
Ex: TATA offering salt to airways.

Product width: No. of categories in a product mix.
Ex: hair care,skin care etc.

Product depth: No. of alternatives in each category.
Ex: soap category:lux,cinthol,pears,lifebuoy.

Product line: continuous and consistent availability of the product in the market.

Product life cycle:
It analyses sales and profit of a product through four stages.

STAGE SALES PROFIT 

Types of Pricing: 
Price is the monetary value given by the customer for the exchange of goods and services.

Follow leader: Adjust the prices according to the dominant player in the market.
Ex: apple (smart phones).

Cost plus: Keeping price just above the cost price to recover the operational expenditure.
Ex: R.K.(ramakrishna) MATH spoken english book for 25/- only

Penetration: Keeping prices low initially when a product is released for the first time.
Ex: sakshi paper for only 2/- with full color pages instead of 3/-

Predatory: keeping the prices low to kill competitors and later increasing it after the competitors left the market.
Ex: Stores like Walmart will effect the kirana stores in the same way.

Skimming: opposite of predatory,keeping prices very high initially when there is no competition and later decreasing it to match the competition.
Ex: Iphone.

Psychological pricing: Offering different ranges of prices to give psychological comfort to the buyer.
Ex: 499,299,599/- customer thinks that it is only in 400's,200's & 500's range.

Deceptive pricing: Promotion tactics disguise customer from knowing the actual price.
Ex: Koti market(Hyderabad) goods,initially,seller will tell the price of a luggage bag as 500/-later on bargaining he will give it to 100/-

Promotion: Purpose is to create awareness about a product in the market.

Advertisements: Paid form of impersonal communications.

Publicity: Ads, hoardings, pamphlets.

Direct selling: DSA approaches buyer personally at their doorsteps to know the consumer behaviour.(very effective but expensive too).

Aggressive marketing: Style of promoting a product which is very forceful or energetic due to increase in the competition.

Co-branding: Promotion of two related products through common brand.
Ex: Nike and Apple brought fitness and music together by developing a wireless music kit  along with the shoes.

Place: Product should be made available at a convenient location to the customers.

Length of the channel: no. of intermediaries between actual producer and the final consumer.

Push: Forced to buy the goods by keeping offers like buy 1 get 2.

Pull: Pleasure to buy the goods like android mobiles. Cold call: Persuading or motivating a customer to buy immediately who is in dilemma.

Customisation: Modifying basic products as suitable to the customers.

Standardisation: Offering same product of same quality globally.

Consumer black box: What goes on in the minds of the customer actually at the time of buying a product.

Societal marketing: Marketing for a social cause(CSR-corporate social responsibility)

Ethical marketing: Explaining positives and negatives in a realistic manner about a product for the benefit of the customers.

Purpose of marketing research is to identify need and want of the customer through primary and secondary data.

Primary data is collected through survey,secondary data is collected through official record.

Best approach for exploratory research is observation.

Best approach for casual research is experimental.

Best approach for descriptive research is survey.

Giffen goods: Giffen good is an inferior good with the unique characteristic that an increase in price actually increases the quantity of the good that is demanded. 

This provides the unusual result of an upward sloping demand curve.This happens because of the interactions of the income and substitution effects.

 Depending on whether the good is inferior or normal, the income effect can be positive or negative as the price of a good increases.

Blue ocean strategy- Requires communication skills,innovation skills and motivation.
Data mining means analysing data stored with back office staff.