Geography

General Awareness Notes on First in India Part - I

1. First Indian to get Nobel Prize in Physics – C.V. Raman

2. First Indian to receive Bharat Ratna award – Dr. S. Radhakrishnan

3. First Indian to cross English Channel – Mihir Sen

4. First Person to receive Jananpith/Gyanpeeth award – G. Shanker Kurup

5. First Speaker of the Lok Sabha – G V Mavalankar

6. First Vice – President of India – Dr. S. Radhakrsihnan

7. First Home Minister Of India – Sardar Vallabhbahi Patel

8. First Person to reach Mt. Everest without oxygen – Sherpa Ang Dorjee

9. First person to reach the South Pole – Col J K Bajaj

10. First Person to get Param Vir Chakra – Major Somnath Sharma

11. First Chief Election Commissioner – Sukumar Sen

12. First Person to receive Magsaysay Award – Vinoba Bhave

13. First Indian Origin person to receive Nobel Prize in Medicine – Hargobind Khurana

14. First Person to receive Nobel Prize in Economics – Amartya Sen

15. First Chief Justice of Supreme Court – Justice H. J. Kania

16. First Indian to win back to back medals in Olympics – Sushil Kumar ( 2008, 2012)

17. First Man to climb Mount Everest Twice – Nwang Gombu

18. First Man to Climb Mt. Everest 19 times – Apa Sherpa

19. First Indian Chess Grandmaster – Vishwanathan Anand ( 1988)

20. First Indian Pilot – J.R. D. Tata ( 1929)

Agriculture in India

Important Short Notes On Agriculture in India !!!!!!

Agriculture in India : 

Agriculture is the science of cultivating the soil, harvesting crops, and raising livestock and also as the science or art of the production of plants and animals useful to man and in varying degrees the preparation of such products for man's use and their disposal.

Cropping Seasons in India :

Kharif Crops of India:

• Sown in summers between May and July, and harvested after the rains, in September and October.

• Eg: Rice, Jowar, Bajra, Maize, Cotton, Jute, Sugarcane, Tobacco, Groundnut, Pulses, etc.

Rabi Crops of India

• Sown at the beginning of winter and harvested before the onset of the summer season, between Feb and April.

• Eg: Wheat, barley, oil seeds, gram, potatoes, etc.

Zayad Crops

•  They are raised between April and June.

•  E.g. : Melon, watermelon, cucumber, toris, leafy and other vegetables.

Cash Crops of India (Commercial Crops) :

• Grown mainly for the market, only a small portion of the product is consumed by the farmers themselves (cotton, sugarcane etc.)

                                                    
....Mineral Resources of India.......

Coal Resources in India :

West Bengal (Raniganj, Burdwan, Bankura, Purulio, Birbhum, Jalpaigudi, Darjeeling), Jharkhand (Jharia, Giridih, Kharhawadi, Bokaro, Hazaribagh, Kamapura, Rampur, Palamau), Orissa (Rampur, Hindgir, Talcher, Samba!), Madbyo Pradesh and Chhatisgarh (Rewa, Pench valley, Umaria, Korba, Sohagpur, Mand river area, Kanha valley, Betul), etc. Power sector is the largest consumer of coal in India followed by steel industry, cement industry, etc.

Manganese :

Orissa, Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Chhindawara), Karnataka(Keonjhar, Bonai, Kalahandi), Andhra Pradesh (Kadur, Garibadi).

Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma), Bihar (Goya, Bhagalpur), Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool), Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur).

Copper Minerals :

Madhya Pradesh Pradesh (Balaghat), Rajasthan (Khetri), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Masobani, Surda), Karnataka (Chitradurg,Hassan)

Mica Minerals :

Jharkhand (Hazaribagh, Giridih, Kodarma), Bihar (Goya, Bhagalpur), Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Vizag, Kurnool), Rajasthan (Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur).

Petroleum Resource in India :

Assam(Digboi, Naharkatiya, Badarpur, Masinpur and Pallharia), Gujarat, (Ankleshwar, Khambat, Kalol), Mumbai High, Bassein (south of Mumbai High), etc. Recently oil has been discovered in Cauvery basin, Krishna and Godavary basin, Khambat basin, etc.

Iron Resources :

• India possesses Haematite, a very high-grade iron ore. In Madhya Pradesh (Bailadila, Jabalpur), Goa (North Goa), Karnataka (Bababudan hills, Chikmagalur, Hospet), Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Naomundi), Andhra Pradesh, Orissa.

• India is the fifth largest exporter of iron ore in the world. Japan is the biggest buyer accounting for about 3/4th of India's total exports. Major ports handling iron ore export are Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Marmagao and Mangalore.

Bauxite Resources :

Chief ore for producing aluminium. In Orissa (Kalahandi, Koraput, Sundargarh, Bolangir, Sambalpur), Jharkhand (Lohardaga, Gumla), Madhya Pradesh (Jabalpur, Mandla, Shandol, Kami, Balaghat), Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Tamil Nadu.

Gold Resources in India :

Karnataka (Kolar, Hutti, Raichur), Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri and Yeppamanna goldfields in Chittor and Anantapur districts).

Silver, Zinc & Lead :

Rajasthan (Zawar mines near Udaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Mysore, Chitradurg), Karnataka (Kolar mines).

Uranium Resources in India :

Jharkhand (Jaduguda), Rajasthan (Ajmer), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore, Nalgonda), Karnataka (Gulbarga).

Thorium Resources in India :

Kerala coast (From Monazite sand), rocks of Aravallis in Rajasthan.

Geography

mportant World Geography notes

Desert

Desert is a large landmass of the earth. They make up 20 % of the earth’s landmass. It is a dry, sandy region of little rainfall, extreme temperature & sparse vegetation.

E.g.:       1) The Sahara Desert (Africa)

               2)  The Atacama Desert (Chile)

                3) The Gobhi Desert (Magnolia)

                4) The Thar Desert (India)

Mountains

It is a natural elevation of the earth’s surface. They may be arranged in a line known asrange.

E.g.:       1) Himalayan Mountain (Asia)

                2) Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa)

                3) Mt. Fujiyama (Japan)

                4) Rocky Mountain (N. America)

Islands

An island is a piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Islands are volcanic in origin or formed from coral reef.

                Largest island     - Greenland

                Largest River Island - Majorly (Assam)

                Largest Populated Island – Java (Indonesia)

                Island shared by 3 countries – Borneo.

Oceans

Oceans are the major body of saline water covering 71% of Earth’s surface.

The waves, tides & ocean currents are the 3 chief movements of ocean waters. The 4 major oceans are the

1) Pacific Ocean

2) Atlantic Ocean

3) Indian Ocean

4) Arctic Ocean

5) Southern Ocean

1) Pacific ocean – Largest ocean

- Mariana Trench , the deepest part of the earth lies in Pacific ocean.

- It is circular in shape.

- Asia, Australia, N & S America surround it.

2. Atlantic Ocean- 2nd Largest Ocean

                - It is ‘S’ shaped.

                - Flanked by N. & S. America on Westside& Europe & Africa on the east.

The coastline of Atlantic is indented and this irregular and indented coastline provides ideal location for natural harbors & ports. Hence it is the busiest ocean from commercial view point.

3. Indian Ocean – Only Ocean named after a country – India.

                - Triangular in shape

Bounded by Asia in the north, Africa in the west & Australia in the East.

4. Southern Ocean - The Southern Ocean as the fourth-largest of the five oceans

The Southern Ocean, also known as the Great Southern Ocean, the Antarctic Ocean and the South Polar Ocean

5. Arctic Ocean – Located within the Arctic Circle& surrounds N. Pole.

- Connected with Pacific Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as “Berring Strait”.

- Bound by Northern coasts of N. America & Eurasia.

GEOGRAPHY

Know Interesting Facts about Solar System

• The Universe or the Cosmos, as perceived today, consists of millions of Galaxies. A galaxy is a huge congregation of stars held together by the forces of gravity.
• Edwin Hubble in 1924 first demonstrated existence of galaxies beyond Milky Way. He proved that these galaxies are flying away from each other and that the farther they are, the faster they fly. This means that the universe is expanding like a balloon that is being blown up.
• In 140 AD, Ptolemy propounded the theory that the earth was the centre of the universe and the sun and other heavenly bodies revolved around it. In 1543, Copernicus argued that the sun and not the earth was the centre of the universe.
• However, he still equated the universe with the solar system. Kepler supported Copernicus but said that the sun was the centre of the solar system and not the universe. In 1805, Hershel made it clear that the solar system was a part of the much larger system of stars called galaxy.
• Our galaxy is Milky Way Galaxy (or the Akash Ganga). It is spiral in shape. It consists of over a 100 billion stars rotating and revolving about its centre. Nearest galaxy to ours is Andromeda.
• The Big Bang Theory evaluates that 15 billion years ago, cosmic matter (universe) was in an extremely compressed state, from which expansion started by a primordial explosion. This explosion broke up the super dense ball and cast its fragments far out into space, where they are still traveling at thousands of miles per second. 

Measurement Units of Space are :

• Light Year : It is the distance covered by light in one year in vacuum at a speed of 3 105 km/s. Astronomical Unit (A.U) : It is the mean distance between the earth and the sun. One light year is equal to 60,000 A.U.
• Parsec : It represents the distance at which the mean radius of earth’s orbit subtends an angle of one second of an arc. It is equal to 3.26 light years.Stars are self – luminous bodies that account for 98 per cent of the material in the galaxy. The rest 2 per cent consists of interstellar or galactic gas and dust in an attenuated form.
• A star’s colour indicates the temperature of its surface. Blue colour denotes maximum temperature. Then comes yellow, then red, etc.
• The life of a star is spread over billions of years. It begins to form by compression of galactic gas and dust. Compression generates heat which in turn causes hydrogen to be converted into helium in nuclear fusion, thereby emitting large amount of heat and light.
• If the star is of sun’s size, it becomes a White Dwarf. Their central density can reach up to 10grams per cubic cm.
• If die star is bigger than the sun but not more than twice as big, it will turn into a Neutron Star or Pulsar. Their central density is 1014 grams per cubic cm. They are formed due to Novae or Super novae explosion.
• Stars having mass greater than three times that of the sun, because of their great gravitational power, have contracteso much that they have developed super density of 1016 grams per cubic cm. It is so dense that nothing, not even light, can escape from its gravity and hence called ‘Black Hole’.
• Brightest star outside our Solar System is Sirius, also called Dog Star.
• Closest star of Solar System is Proxima Centauri (4.2 light years away). Then come Alpha Centauri (4.3 light years away) and Barnard’s Star (5.9 light years away).

GEOGRAPHY

Geography Study Notes

                                Important Straits of the World

Strraits	Water bodies joined	Area
Bab-al-Mandeb	Red sea & Arabian Sea	Arabia and Africa
Bering	Arctic Ocean & Bering Sea	Alaska & Asia
Bosphorus	Black sea & Marmara Sea	Turkey
Dover	North Sea & Atlantic Ocean	England & europe
Florida	Gulf of Maxico & Atlantic Ocean	Florida & Bahamas Islands
Gibralter	Mediterranean Sea & Atlantic Sea	Spain & Africa
Malacca	Java Sea & Bay of Bengal	India & Indonesia
Palk	Bay of Bengal  & Indian Ocean	India & Sri Lanka
Magellan	South Pacific & South Atlantic	Chile
Sunda	Java Sea  & Indian Ocean	Indonesia

                              Major Lakes of the World

Largest Lake	Caspian Sea
Largest Saline water Lake	Caspian Sea
Largest Fresh water Lake	Lake Superior
Highest  Lake	Lake Titicaca
Deepest Lake	Lake Baikal
India’s Largest Lake	Chilka Lake

GEOGRAPHY

GEOGRAPHY THEORY NOTES

INTERIOR STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

The layering of Earth is categorized as Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Upper mantle, Lower mantle, Outer core, and the Inner core.

The earth's interior has three different layers; they are

(i) the crust (ii) mantle and (iii) the core.

a) Earth's Crust:

All of the Earth's landforms (mountains, plains, and plateaus) are contained within it, along with the oceans, seas, lakes and rivers. There are two different types of crust: thin oceanic crust that underlies the ocean basins and thicker continental crust that underlies the continents. These two different types of crust are made up of different types of rock. The boundary between the crust and the mantle is Mohoviric Discontinuity.

b) Earth's Mantle: It is the thick, dense rocky matter that surrounds the core with a radius of about 2885 km. The mantle covers the majority of the Earth's volume. This is basically composed of silicate rock rich in iron and magnesium. This layer is separated from the core by Gutenberg-Wiechert Discontinuity. The outer and the inner mantle are separated by another discontinuity named Repetti discontinuity.

c) Earth's Core: Earth's Core is thought to be composed mainly of an iron and nickel alloy. The core is earth's source of internal heat because it contains radioactive materials which release heat as they break down into more stable substances. The core is divided into two different zones. The outer core is a liquid because the temperatures there are adequate to melt the iron-nickel alloy. However, the inner core is a solid even though its temperature is higher than the outer core. Here, tremendous pressure, produced by the weight of the overlying rocks is strong enough to crowd the atoms tightly together and prevents changing it to the liquid state.

Geography

GEOGRAPHY STUDY NOTES

ROCKS AND MINERALS

About 98 per cent of the total crust of the earth is composed of eight elements like oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium, and the rest is constituted by titanium, hydrogen, phosphorous, manganese, sulphur, carbon, nickel and other.

1) The three types of rocks are

a) igneous rocks (formed directly from liquid rock),

b) metamorphic rocks (formed by direct alteration of existing rocks), and

c) sedimentary rocks (formed by eroded materials from other rocks).

i. Igneous Rocks

1) Igneous rocks solidify from a liquid magma as it cools. When magma cools rapidly, mineral crystals do not have time to grow very large. On the other hand when magma cools slowly crystals grow to several millimeters or more in size.

Granite and basalt are the examples of IR. Igneous rocks are classified as

a) Extrusive Rocks

Extrusive igneous rocks solidify from molten material that flows over the earth’s surface (lava).

Common extrusive rocks are

i)    basalt,

ii)   andesite, and

iii)   rhyolite.

b) Intrusive Rocks

Intrusive rocks form from molten material (magma) that flows and solidifies underground.

Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite.

ii. Sedimentary Rocks

These are types of rocks created from deposition of layers upon layers of sediments over time. These types of rocks are formed on the Earth's surface, as well as underwater.

Examples – Sandstone, limestone, stromatolites , oil shale and coal shale, gypsum, shale, and conglomerate.

iii. Metamorphic Rocks

Metamorphic rocks are any rock type that has been altered by heat, pressure, and/or the chemical action of fluids and gases.  When igneous rocks, or sedimentary rocks, or even metamorphic rocks get buried very deep under the earth's surface, a process that takes millions of years, they get changed into something else by the enormous pressure and heat inside the earth.

“Some examples of metamorphic rocks are:

•     Limestone being changed into marble     

•     Shale turning into slate

•     Granite being changed into gneiss          

•     Sandstone turning into quartzite

Geography

GEOGRAPHY STUDY NOTES

Earth Latitude and Longitude

Earth Latitude

• Imaginary lines drawn parallel to the equator. Measured as an angle whose apex is at the centre of the earth.

• The equator represents 0° latitude, while the North Pole is 90° N and the South Pole 90° S

• 23½° N represents Tropic of Cancer while 23½° S represents Tropic of Capricorn.

• 66½° N represents Arctic Circle while 66½° S represents Antarctic Circle.

• There are total 181 latitudes including the equator. Each parallel of latitude is a circle, but they are not equal.

• The circle becomes smaller towards the poles. Equator is the ‘Greatest Circle’ that can be drawn on the earth’s surface.

• The distance between any two parallels of latitude is always equal.

1 degree lat. = 111km.

Earth Longitude

• It is the angular distance measured from die centre of the earth. On the globe the lines of longitude are drawn as a series of semicircles that extend from the North Pole to the South Pole through the equator. They are also called meridians.

• The distance between any two meridians is not equal.

At the equator, 1 degree = 111 km.  At 30°N or S, it is 96.5 km.  It goes on decreasing this way until it is zero at the poles.

• There are 360 meridians of longitude. The prime meridian is a longitude of 0⁰, passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich near London.

• This meridian is taken by geographers to divide the earth into the eastern and the western hemispheres.

• Each meridian of longitude is a semi-circle. 180° meridian (International Date Line) lies exactly opposite to 0° meridian. Such points are called Antipodal Points.

• The earth is divided into 24 longitudinal zones, each being 15° or 1 hour apart in time (4 minutes / degree).

Longitude and Time

• Places that are on the same meridian have the same local (sun) time. Since the earth makes one complete revolution of 360° in 24 hours, it passes through 15° in one hour or 1° in 4 minutes.

• The earth rotates from west to east, hence places east of Greenwich see the sun earlier and gain time whereas places west of Greenwich see the sun later and lose time.

• India, whose longitudinal extent is approx. 30°, has adopted only one time zone, selecting the 82.5°E for the standard time which is 5 hours and 30 minutes ahead of GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).

International Date Line

• It is the 180° meridian running over the Pacific Ocean, deviating at Aleutian Islands, Fiji, Samoa and Gilbert Islands. It is a zig-zag line

• Travelers crossing the Date Line from west to east (i.e., from Japan to USA) repeat a day and travelers crossing it from east to west (i.e., from USA to Japan) lose a day.

Important Parallels of Latitude

1. The Tropic of Cancer : It is in the northern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2° (23°30’N) from the equator.

2. The Tropic of Capricorn : It is in the southern hemisphere at an angular distance of 23 1/2° (23°30’S) from the equator.

3. The Arctic Circle : It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30’N) north of the equator.

4. The Antarctic Circle : It lies at a distance of 66 1/2° (66°30’S) south of the equator. There are two solstices each year, called the Summer Solstice and the Winter Solstice. 

Summer Solstice : The day of 21st June when the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of Cancer (23°30’N). 

Winter Solstice : The day of 22nd December when the sun is vertically overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn (23°30’S).

Meridians of Longitude

The semi-circles running from pole to pole or from north to south are known as meridians of longitude and distance between them is measured in degrees of longitude. Greenwich Meridian or Prime Meridian with a value of 0° longitude serves as a common base for numbering meridians of longitude lying on either side of it — east as well as west. There are 360 meridians including Prime Meridian. Each degree of a longitude is divided into sixty equal parts, each part is called a minute. Each minute is again divided into sixty equal parts, each part being called a second.

Local Time : Local time of any place is 12 noon when the sun is exactly overhead. It will vary from the Greenwich time at the rate of four minutes for each degree of longitude.

Greenwich Mean Time : The time at 0° longitude is called Greenwich Mean Time. It is based on local time of the meridian passing through Greenwich near London.

Indian Standard Time : It is fixed on the mean of 82 1/2°E Meridian, a place near Allahabad. It is 5 1/2 hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.

Geography

GEOGRAPHY NOTES

ATMOSPHERE

Atmosphere is a thick gaseous envelope that surrounds the earth and extends thousands of kilometers above the earth's surface. Much of the life on the earth exists because of the atmosphere otherwise the earth would have been barren. Nitrogen and Oxygen comprise 99% of the total volume of the atmosphere.

Structure of the Atmosphere

The atmosphere consists of almost concentric layers of air with varying density and temperature.

a) Troposphere:

• Lowest layer of the atmosphere.

• The height of troposphere is 16 km thick over the equator and 10 km thick at the poles.

• All weather phenomena are confined to troposphere (e.g. fog, cloud, frost, rainfall, storms, etc.)

• Temperature decreases with height in this layer roughly at the rate of 6.5° per 1000 metres, which is called normal lapse rate.

• Upper limit of the troposphere is called tropopause which is about 1.5 km.

b) Stratosphere:

• The stratosphere is more or less devoid of major weather phenomenon but there is circulation of feeble winds and cirrus cloud in the lower stratosphere.

•  Jet aircrafts fly through the lower stratosphere because it provides perfect flying conditions.

•  Ozone layer lies within the stratosphere mostly at the altitude of 15 to 35 km above earth's surface.

•  Ozone layer acts as a protective cover as it absorbs ultra-voilet rays of solar radiation.

•  Depletion of ozone may result in rise of temperature of ground surface and lower atmosphere.

• Temperature rises from -60°C at the base of the stratosphere to its upper boundary as it absorbs ultra-voilet rays.

•  Upper limit of the Stratosphere is called stratopause.

c) Mesosphere

• Mesosphere extends to the height of 50-90 km.

• Temperature decreases with height. It reaches a minimum of -80°C at an altitude of 80-90 km

• The upper limit is called mesopause.

d) Thermosphere

• It lies at 80 km to 640 km above the earth's surface.

• It is also known as ionosphere.

• Temperature increases rapidly with increasing height.

• It is an electrically charged layer. This layer is produced due to interaction of solar radiation and the chemicals present, thus disappears with the sunset.

• There are a number of layers in thermosphere e.g. D-layer, E-layer, F-layer and G-layer.

• Radio waves transmitted from earth are reflected back to the earth by these layers.

e) Exosphere

• This is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere extending beyond the ionosphere.

• The density is very low and temperature becomes 5568°C.

• This layer merges with the outer space.

About Ionosphere

At heights of 80 km (50 miles), the gas is so thin that free electrons can exist for short periods of time before they are captured by a nearby positive ion. This portion of the atmosphere is ionized and contains plasma which is referred to as the ionosphere. The Ultraviolet (UV), X-Ray and shorter wavelengths of solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The ionosphere is broken down into the D, E and F regions.

Geography

Important Geography Notes

1.India is the seventh largest country in the world with an area of 3287263 sq. km, which is 2.42% of world's area.

2. India is the second most populous country in the world with a population of 1,236,344,631 (approx by July 2014). Officially 1.21 billion (as of 2011 census), which is 17.44% of the world.

3.Indian subcontinent is located in the Northern and Eastern hemisphere.

4.India shares longest boundary with Bangladesh (4053 km), followed by China (3380 km), Pakisthan (2912 km), Nepal (1690 km(, Myanmar (1463 km), Bhutan (605 km) and Afghanistan (88 km).

5.In India, the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N latitude) passes through 8 states (Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram).

6. Islands : Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal, Lakshadweep, Amindive and Minicoy in the Arabian Sea.

7. Indian Standard Time (IST) : The 82°30'E longitude is taken as the Standard Time Meridian of India, as it passes through middle of India (from Naini, near Allahabad).

8.The 82°30'E Meridian also dictates time in Sri Lanka and Nepal.

9.In the South, on the Eastern side, the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Strait seperate India from Sri Lanka.

Basic Information about India

o Latitudinal extent - 8°4' North to 37°6' North

o Longitudinal extent - 68°7' East to 97° 25' East

o North-South extent - 3214 km

o East-West extent - 2933 km

o Land Frontiers - 15200 km

o Total Coastline - 7516.6 km

o Number of States - 29

 Number of Union Territories - 7

o Land Neighbors : 7

o Pakistan

o Afghanistan

o China

o Nepal

o Bhutan

o Bangladesh and

o Myanmar

o States with Longest Coastline - Gujarat

o Active Volcano - Barren Island in Andaman and Nicobar Islands

o Southern most point - Indira Point or Pigmallion point in Great Nicobar

o Southern most tip of mainland - Kanyakumari

o Northern most point - Indira Col

o Western most point - West of Ghaur Mota in Gujarat

o Eastern most point - kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh

Indian States Situated on the Border

Country Indian States Situated on the Boarder

Pakistan- Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir

Afghanistan- Jammu and Kashmir

China- Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh

Nepal- Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Paschim Banga, Sikkim

Bhutan - sikkim, Paschim Baga, Asom and Arunachal Pradesh

Bangladesh- Paschim Bangal, Asom, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram

Physiography Divisions of India are,

1. The Himalayan Range of Mountains

2. The Peninsular Plateau

3. The Great Plains of India

4. The Coastal Plains

5. The Islands of India