Daily GK Update 12th July 2017

1. NGT imposes nationwide ban on nylon and synthetic manja

i. The National Green Tribunal banned the use of ‘Chinese’ kite strings, made of nylon or any synthetic material on the grounds that it poses threat to life and environment.
ii. The Tribunal directed all state governments to prohibit the “manufacture, sale, storage, purchase and use” of synthetic manja or nylon threads and all other synthetic strings used for flying kites with immediate effect.

iii. A bench headed by NGT Chairperson Justice Swatanter Kumar ordered the authorities to ban import of any synthetic manja.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Mr. Justice Swatanter Kumar is the Present Chairperson of NGT.
• The National Green Tribunal has been established on 18.10.2010 under the National Green Tribunal Act 2010.

2. President Pranab Mukherjee inaugurates ‘Ashiana Annexe’ in Dehradun, Uttarakhand

i. President Pranab Mukherjee inaugurated the annexe of the presidential retreat Ashiana which has accommodation facilities for accompanying officers and staff of the Rashtrapati Bhavan.

ii. The Ashiana retreat was built originally as a bungalow of the commandant of the President's Bodyguard and was revived by Mukherjee after long years of disuse. K R Narayanan, in March 1998, was the last president to stay here.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Rashtrapati Ashiana was built by British in 1920 as Commandant’s Bungalow.

3. HAL signs MoU with Defence Ministry

i. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has signed an MoU for the financial year 2017-18 with the Ministry of Defence. The annual MoU was signed between Ashok Kumar Gupta, Secretary, Department of Defence Production and T Suvarna Raju, CMD-HAL.

ii. The MoU has outlined targets on various performance parameters of the company during the year 2017-18. The revenue from operations has been targeted at Rs. 17,900 crore, the highest ever.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Shri T. Suvarna Raju is the Chairman and Managing Director (CMD) of  HAL.
• HAL had its origin as the Hindustan Aircraft Company which was incorporated on 23 Dec 1940 at Bangalore.
• HAL is Headquartered in Bengaluru.

4. Axis Bank ties up with IIC to boost trade with Latin America

i. Axis Bank has entered into a collaboration with Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) to facilitate trade with Latin America and the Caribbean.

ii. Axis Bank becomes the first Indian bank to participate in the Trade Finance Facilitation Programme as a confirming bank. IIC, a member of the Inter-American Development Bank Group, is a multilateral development bank committed to supporting the private sector in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Shikha Sharma is the MD and CEO of Axis Bank.
• Headquarter of Axis bank is in Mumbai.

5. 36th Foundation Day of NABARD celebrated

i. Union Finance Minister Arun Jaitley inaugurated the 36th NABARD Foundation Day and Silver Jubilee of SHG Bank Linkage Programme, in New Delhi.

ii. Self Help Group Bank Linkage Programme (SHG BLP) is a pioneering initiative of Financial Inclusion by NABARD. The pilot stage of this program was started in year 1992.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Harsh Kumar Bhanwala is the Chairman of NABARD.
• National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development is the full form of NABARD.
• NABARD came into existence on 12 July 1982.

6. CM of Delhi launches e-RTI, Delhi becomes 2nd state to accept online applications

i. Filing an RTI application with the Delhi government is now just a click away. Delhi became the second state to launch e-RTI portal that will enable citizens to file online Right to Information (RTI). Maharashtra is the first state to launch the online RTI platform.

ii. The portal launched recently will enable citizens to file RTI and seek information related to 172 departments of the Delhi government including the office of the CM and his ministers.
iii.  The e-RTI portal, which has been designed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC), includes filling of application, payment of fees and getting replies online.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• The current Lt. Governor of Delhi is Anil Baijal.

7. Maharashtra, first state in the country to launch free injectable contraceptive for women

i. Maharashtra has become the first state in the country to provide women an injectable contraceptive for free. The state’s public health department launched a program called Antara to offer women an injection of Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), a birth-control hormone.

ii. The announcements were made on the occasion of World Population Day (11th July). According to state health officials, the injection, a safe means of birth control, is effective for three months. The injection will be given intramuscularly to women in the age bracket of 18-45 years.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Devendra Fadnavis is the CM of Maharashtra.
• Shri Chennamaneni Vidyasagar Rao is the Governor of Maharashtra.

8. Venkaiah Naidu releases new version of NHB RESIDEX

i. Minister for Housing and Urban Affairs M Venkaiah Naidu released the new version of NHB RESIDEX on the occasion of the annual day of National Housing Bank, entering its 30th year in New Delhi.

ii. The NHB RESIDEX captures movements in the prices of residential real estate prices. NHB RESIDEX for January-March,2017 revealed that price indices for residential properties based on actual market prices for ongoing construction prices have increased over the previous quarter in 24 of the 47 cities covered in the Index.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• The Head Office of NHB is at New Delhi.
• NHB was set up on July 9, 1988, under the National Housing Bank Act, 1987.
• Shri Sriram Kalyanaraman is the MD & CEO of NHB.

9. IROAF sets gold standards by winning Golden Peacock Award for Eco Innovation for year 2017

i. Indian Railways achieves a major landmark in the field of Eco friendly fuel technologies at Indian Railways Organization for Alternate Fuel (IROAF) which has been awarded the coveted National level “Golden Peacock Award for the Year 2017 for Eco-Innovation” for substitution of fossil fuels (Diesel) by environment friendly CNG in DEMU passenger train services.

ii. Use of CNG in Train Sets for passenger transportation has been done for the first time in the world. 

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Golden Peacock Awards were instituted by the Institute Of Directors (IOD), India in 1991.

10. Debi Prasad Dash takes over as DRI chief

i. Debi Prasad Dash, a 1985-batch Indian Revenue Service (Customs) officer, has taken over as director-general of the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DG-DRI), the premier agency that tackles smuggling and black money. 

ii. Mr. Dash was the acting DRI chief for the past five months. He has earlier worked in the UN Security Council, Commonwealth Secretariat, and the CBI.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Sh. Jayant Misra was the previous DG of DRI.

11. Subhash Garg takes charge as Economic Affairs Secretary

i. Senior bureaucrat Subhash Chandra Garg assumed charge as Secretary of the Department of Economic Affairs (DEA) in the Finance Ministry. Mr. Garg was World Bank Executive Director for Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Sri Lanka prior to this appointment.

ii. He succeeds Shaktikanta Das, who retired after an extended tenure on May 31. Corporate Affairs Secretary Tapan Ray was given additional charge of DEA Secretary after Das’ exit.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Department of Economic Affairs comes under Finance Ministry.

12. Mithali Raj creates history, becomes leading run-getter in Women’s ODIs

i. Mithali Raj has been India’s premier player ever since she made her debut in 1999.

ii. In the crucial game against Australia, Mithali became the woman cricketer who has scored most runs in ODIs. Mithali Raj became the first women’s player to reach 6000 ODI runs.  England’s Charlotte Edwards was the previous leading run-getter in ODIs with 5992 runs. 

iii. She has 48 not-outs to her name, which is the most in women’s cricket.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Mithali Raj is the present Captain of Indian Woman's Cricket Team.

13. Ravi Shastri appointed new head coach and Zaheer Khan bowling coach: BCCI

i. Ravi Shastri has pipped Virender Sehwag to become Indian cricket team’s new head coach. The appointment was confirmed by Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI). Shastri will take charge from India’s upcoming three-Test series against Sri Lanka, starting July 26.

ii. Shastri, was chosen by the BCCI’s Cricket Advisory Committee (CAC) that included former captains Sourav Ganguly, Sachin Tendulkar and veteran batting star VVS Laxman.
iii. Zaheer Khan has been appointed as the bowling coach of Indian Cricket Team.

Important Takeaways from Above News-

• Chairman of BCCI is Vinod Rai.
• Ravi Shastri replaces Anil Kumble as a head coach.

14. Renowned cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar passes away

i. Renowned cartoonist Mangesh Tendulkar passed away in Pune.
ii. He was 83. Tendulkar was suffering from bladder cancer for the last three years.
iii. Tendulkar was one of the most decorated cartoonists in India. He was conferred with the president’s medal in 1980, Marathi Natya Parishad Award in 1993 and Pulotsav award in 2003 among several other honors.

Quant Quiz

Quant Quiz

Directions—(1–5) What approximate value will come in place of the question-mark (?) in the following questions ? (You are not expected to calculate the exact value.)

1. 465•84 + 765•86 – 211•99 = ?
(1) 1100 
(2) 1080
(3) 1000
(4) 1020
(5) 1060


2. 151.1% of 151.1 + 151.1 = ?
(1) 380 
(2) 400
(3) 350 
(4) 420
(5) 440

3. 2001 × 473 ÷ 1001 – 245 = ?
(1) 650 
(2) 700
(3) 950 
(4) 850
(5)1000

4. √2450 - √1200 + √440 = ?
(1) 59 
(2) 53
(3) 44 
(4) 25
(5) 36

5. 501/58 * 291/101 ÷ 31/155 = ?
(1) 140 
(2) 125
(3) 95 
(4) 85
(5)110

Direction (6-10) : In the following number series only one number is wrong. Find out the wrong number.

6. 122, 465, 681, 806, 833, 897, 905
(1) 833
(2) 905
(3) 465
(4) 806
(5) 897

7. 1248, 628, 318, 165, 85.5, 46.75, 27.375
(1) 628
(2) 85.5
(3) 318
(4) 165
(5) 27.375

8. 54.5, 66, 75, 83, 88.5, 92, 93.5
(1) 83
(2) 88.5
(3) 92
(4) 93.5
(5) 75

9. 6, 49, 305, 1545, 6196, 18603, 37218
(1) 6196
(2) 49
(3) 305
(4) 1545
(5) 18603

10. 22, 12, 13.5, 23, 47, 120.5, 365
(1) 120.5
(2) 13.5
(3) 23
(4) 47
(5) 365



1. (4)
2. (1)
3. (2)
4. (5)
5. (2)

Ratio And Proportion

All About Ratio And Proportion

What is Ratio?
A ratio is a relationship between two numbers by division of the same kind. The ration of a to b is written as a : b = a / b In ratio a : b , we can say that a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or consequent.

Example :  The ratio 4 : 9 we can represent as  4 / 9 after this 4 is a antecedent and , consequent = 9

Rule of ration :  In ratio multiplication or division of each and every term of a ratio by the same non- zero number does not affect the ratio.

Different type of ratio problem is given in Quantitative Aptitude which is a very essential topic in banking exam. Under below given some more example for your better practice.

Anything we learn in our school days was basics and that is well enough for passing our school exams. Now the time has come to learn for our competitive exams. For this we need our basics but also we have to learn something new. That’s where shortcut tricks and formula are comes into action.

What is Proportion?
The idea of proportions is that two ratio are equal.
If a : b = c : d, we write a : b : : c : d,
Ex. 3 / 15 = 1 / 5
a and d called extremes, where as b and c called mean terms.

Proportion of quantities
the four quantities a, b, c, d said proportion then we can express it
a : b = c : d
Then a : b : : c : d  <–> ( a x d ) = ( b x c )
product of means = product of extremes.

If there is given three quantities like a, b, c of same kind then then we can say it proportion of continued.
a : b = b : c the middle number b is called mean proportion. a and c are called extreme numbers.
So, b² = ac. ( middle number )² = ( First number x Last number ).

Quiz on ratio and proportion:-

1 If P : Q : R = 2 : 3 : 4 , Then P / Q : Q / R : R / P = ?

A. 8: 9: 24

B. 7: 9: 24

C. 4: 6: 15

D. 8: 11: 24

E. None of these

2: If 2P = 3Q = 4R, Then P : Q : R = ?

A. 2: 3: 5

B. 2: 3: 4

C. 3: 5: 6

D. 1: 2: 3

E. None of these

3: If P : Q = 2 : 3 , Q : R = 4 : 5 and R : S = 6 : 7 , then P : S = ?

A. 18: 25

B. 17: 35

C. 16: 35

D. 8: 11

E. None of these

4:Rama distributes his pencil among his four friends Rakesh, Rahul, Ranjan, and Rohit in the ratio 1 / 2 : 1 / 3 : 1 / 4 : 1 / 5 . What is the minimum number of pencils that the person should have?

A. 66

B. 64

C. 72

D. 77

E. None of these

5: Two numbers are respectively 40% and 60% more than third number. Find the ration of two numbers ?

A. 8: 7

B. 7: 9

C. 9: 11

D. 8: 13

E. None of these

6: Rs 1210 were divided among three person P, Q, R so that P : Q = 5 : 4 and Q : R = 9 : 10. Then R gets the amount.

A. 450

B. 400

C. 500

D. 375

E. None of these

7: Share Rs.4200 among joy, sanjay and bijoy in the ration 2 : 4 : 6.Find the amount received by sanjay.

A. 1200

B. 1300

C. 1400

D. 1500

E. None of these

8 :Find the mean proportional between given two number that is 64 and 49.

A. 45

B. 52

C. 54

D. 56

E. None of these

9: What number has to be added to each term of 3 : 5 to make the ratio 5 : 6 .

A. 7

B. 6

C. 8

D. 5

E. None of these

10:Rs. 385 were divided among P , Q , R in such a way that P had Rs 20 more than Q and R had Rs 15 more than P . How much was R’s share?

A. 156

B. 145

C. 152

D. 150

E. None of these

Answers with Explanation:-
1. P : Q : R = 2 : 3 : 4 .

Let P = 2k,
Q = 3k,
R = 4k.
Then,

P / Q = 2k / 3k = 2 / 3 ,
Q / R = 3k / 4k = 3 / 4
R / P = 4k / 2k = 2 / 1.

SO, P / Q : Q / R : R / P = 2 / 3 : 3 / 4 : 2 / 1 = 8 : 9 : 24.

2. Let 2P = 3Q = 4R = k ,

Then ,

P = k / 2,
Q = k / 3 ,
R = k / 4.
SO , P : Q : R = k / 2 : k / 3 : k / 4 = 6 : 4 : 3.

3. (C)

4. Rakesh : Rahul : Ranjan : Rohit = 1 / 2 : 1 / 3 : 1 / 4 : 1 / 5
Step 1: At First we need to do is LCM of 2,3,4 and 5 is 60.
Step 2: Then pencil are distributed in ratio among friends,
Rakesh = ( 1 / 2 x 60 ) = 30.
Rahul = ( 1 / 3 x 60 ) = 20.
Ranjan = ( 1 / 4 x 60 ) = 15.
Rohit = ( 1 / 5 x 60 ) = 12.

Step 3: Total number of pencils are ( 30 x + 20 x + 15 x + 12 x) = 77 x.
For minimum number of pencils x = 1 .
The person should have atleast 77 pencils.

5.Step 1: Let the third number is A
Then first number is 140% of A = 140 x A / 100 = 7A / 5 and second number is 160% of B = 160 x B / 100 = 8B /5.
Step 2: now ratio of first and second number is 7A / 5 : 8B / 5 = 35A : 40B = 7 : 8.

6. P : Q = 5 : 4, Q : R = 9 : 10 = ( 9 x 4 / 9 ) : ( 10 x 4 / 9 ) = 4 : 40 / 9.
So, P : Q : R = 5 : 4 : 40 /9 = 45 : 36 : 40
Sum of ratio terms is = ( 45 + 36 + 40 ) =121.
R share of amount is Rs (1210 x 40 / 121) = Rs. 400.

7. Amount received by sanjay.
4 / 12 X 4200 = 1400= ( related ratio / sum of ratio ) x Total amount
So, the Amount received by sanjay is 1400.

8. The mean proportion of two numbers is
Root of 64 and 49 is √8 x √ 7 = 8 x 7 = 56.
So, the mean proportional is 56.

9.Let the number to be added x , Then
3 + x / 5 + x = 5 / 6
6 ( 3 + x ) = 5 ( 5 + x )
x = ( 25 – 18 ) = 7
So , the number to be added is 7 .

10. Let Q gets Rs x. Then We can say P gets Rs (x + 20 ) and R gets Rs ( x + 35) .
x + 20 + x + x + 35 = 385
3x = 330
x = 110 .
R’s share = Rs ( 110 + 35 ) = Rs 145 .

New Pattern English

Directions (1-15): The following questions of sentence correction, a part of the sentence is given in bold.  Out of the given options, find out the grammatically correct statement that can replace the bold part in the given questions.

Q1. Retail sales rose 0.8 of 1 percent in August, intensifying expectations that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled that of the 1.4 percent growth rate in personal spending for the previous quarter.

(a) that personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubled that of

(b) that personal spending in the July-September quarter would more than double

(c) of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it more than doubled

(d) of personal spending in the July-September quarter more than doubling that of

(e) of personal spending in the July-September quarter, that it would more than double that of

Q2. The commission has directed advertisers to restrict the use of the word “natural” to foods that do not contain color or flavor additives, chemical preservatives, or nothing that has been synthesized.

(a) or nothing that has been

(b) or that has been

(c) and nothing that is

(d) or anything that has been

(e) and anything

Q3. Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon that are fungi, in the form of carbon dioxide, and converting it into energy-rich sugars.

(a) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than are fungi,

(b) Plants are more efficient at acquiring carbon than fungi,

(c) Plants are more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,

(d) Plants, more efficient than fungi at acquiring carbon,

(e) Plants acquire carbon more efficiently than fungi,

Q4. The lroquois were primarily planters, but supplementing their cultivation of maize, squash, and beans with fishing and hunting.

(a) but supplementing

(b) and had supplemented

(c) and even though they supplemented

(d) although they supplemented

(e) but with supplementing

Q5. As contrasted with the honeybee, the yellow jacket can sting repeatedly without dying and carries a potent venom that can cause intense pain.

(a) As contrasted with the honeybee,

(b) In contrast to the honeybee’s,

(c) Unlike the sting of the honeybee,

(d) Unlike that of the honeybee,

(e) Unlike the honeybee,

Q6. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

(a) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

(b) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(c) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

(d) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

(e) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

Q7. None of the attempts to specify the causes of crime explains why most of the people exposed to the alleged causes do not commit crimes and, conversely, why so many of those not so exposed have.

(a) have

(b) has

(c) shall

(d) do

(e) could

Q8. In a previous designs, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is lined with lead around the perimeter, thereby improving stability in flight and resulting in longer throws.

(a) In a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition is concentrated in a metal center, but now it is

(b) According to a previous design, the weight of the discus used in track competition was concentrated in a metal center, but not it is

(c) Once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, the discus used in track competition in now

(d) The discus used in track competition, once designed with its weight concentrated in a metal center, but now

(e) The discus used in track competition was once designed having its weight concentrated in a metal center and now

Q9. In virtually all types of tissue in every animal species, dioxin induces the production of enzymes that are the organism’s trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it.

(a) trying to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical that is irritating it

(b) trying that it metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

(c) attempt to try to metabolize, or render harmless, such a chemical irritant

(d) attempt to try and metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritating it

(e) attempt to metabolize, or render harmless, the chemical irritant

Q10. Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, “the good goddess.”

(a) Based on accounts of various ancient writers,

(b) Basing it on various ancient writers’ accounts,

(c) With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis,

(d) By the accounts of various ancient writers they used,

(e) Using accounts of various ancient writers,

Q11. Emily Dickinson’s letters to Susan Huntington Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering her letters to anyone else.

(a) Dickinson were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumbering

(b) Dickinson were written over a period that begins a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ended shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

(c) Dickinson, written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and that ends shortly before Emily’s death in 1886 and outnumbering

(d) Dickson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother, ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, and outnumbering

(e) Dickinson, which were written over a period beginning a few years before Susan’s marriage to Emily’s brother and ending shortly before Emily’s death in 1886, outnumber

Q12. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

(a) at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

(b) as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

(c) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

(d) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

(e) as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

Q13. Building on civilizations that preceded them in coastal Peru, the Mochica developed their own elaborate society, based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting other wild and domestic resources.

(a) based on cultivating such crops like corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and shellfish, and exploiting

(b) based on the cultivation of such crops as corn and beans, the harvesting of fish and seafood, and exploitation of

(c) and basing it on the cultivation of crops like corn and beans, harvesting fish and seafood, and the exploiting of

(d) and they based it on their cultivation of crops such as corn and beans, the harvest of fish and seafood, and exploiting

(e) and they based it on their cultivating such crops like corn and beans, their harvest of fish and shellfish, and they exploited

Q14. The end of the eighteenth century saw the emergence of prize-stock breeding, with individual bulls and cows receiving awards, fetching unprecedented prices, and excited enormous interest whenever they were put on show.

(a) excited

(b) it excited

(c) exciting

(d) would excite

(e) it had excited

Q15. For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

(a) a method to protect

(b) as a method protecting

(c) protecting

(d) as a protection of

(e) to protect

Solutions 

S1. Ans.(b)

Sol. Verb form; Logical predication

The sentence explains the expectations that resulted from a past retail sales trend. Since expectations look to the future but are not yet realized, the relative clause explaining these expectations should be conditional, employing the auxiliary verb would.

(b) Correct. By using the verb ‘would’, this concise sentence indicates that the expectation has not yet been realized.

S2. Ans.(d)

Sol. Idiom; Logical predication

The use of ‘do not and nothing’ in the same sentence creates a double negative and reverse the intended meaning. Anything should be used instead of nothing. Logically, a “natural” food cannot contain any prohibited ingredient, so the list of prohibited ingredients must be connected by or.

(d) Correct. This sentence correctly avoids a double negative and uses parallel elements.

S3. Ans.(c)

Sol. Logical predication; Grammatical construction

This sentence compares how efficiently plants and fungi acquire carbon and convert it into sugars. The sentence construction needs to make clear that plants and fungi are the two topics being compared, and it must also clarify that in the form of carbon dioxide refers to carbon rather than to either plants or fungi.

(c) Correct. The sentence clearly compares plants to fungi, and in the form of carbon dioxide correctly modifies carbon.

S4. Ans.(d)

Sol. Grammatical construction; Verb form

The participle supplementing would normally be expected to modify the first clause, describing or extending its meaning, but the logic of this sentence demands a contrast, not an extension. Consequently, the second part of the sentence must be revised to emphasize the contrast properly. The logic of the sentence also argues against a construction that would set the two clauses and the importance of their content equal when they clearly should not be. The best solution is to have the main clause describe the primary activity, and a subordinate clause, although they supplemented, describe the supplementary activity.

(d) Correct. Using although creates a subordinate clause in this sentence and logically links that clause with the main clause; the simple past supplemented parallels the simple past were.

S5. Ans.(e)

Sol. Idiom; Logical predication

The intent of the sentence is to contrast the honeybee and the yellow jacket. Correct idioms for such a contrast include in contrast with x, y, in contrast to x, y; and unlike x, y. In all these idioms, x and y must be grammatically and logically parallel. As contrasted with is not a correct idiom.

(e) Correct. This sentence used a correct idiom, and the honeybee is properly parallel to the yellow jacket.

S6. Ans.(a)

Sol. Grammatical construction; Logical predication

This sentence introduces the subject (Neuroscientists), pauses to explain what neuroscientists have accomplished in the past twenty years, and then concludes by explaining what neuroscientists are presently doing as a result of their past accomplishments. The second part of the sentence – the explanation – interrupts the flow of the sentence from the subject (neuroscientists) to the predicate (are now drawing solid conclusions…); it should therefore be bracketed by commas. The sentence construction should provide a main verb for the subject neuroscientists.

(a) Correct. The explanatory phrase between the subject and predicate is set off by commas, and the main clause contains both a subject (Neuroscientists) and a corresponding verb (are now drawing).

S7. Ans.(d)

Sol. Grammatical construction; Parallelism

The sentence compares one group of people, most of the people exposed to the alleged causes, with another group of people, so many of those not so exposed. To maintain the comparison, the verb in the second part should match the verb in the first part. Since the first verb is do not commit, the second verb should be the parallel ‘do’. There is no need to repeat commit crimes since it is understood in this construction.

(d) Correct. This sentence correctly uses the verb ‘do’ to complete the comparison and maintain the parallelism with ‘do not commit’.

S8. Ans.(c)

Sol. Verb Form; Grammatical construction; Logical predication

The sentence requires two tenses – past tense to describe the previous design and present tense to describe the current design of the discus. In the sentence presented here, the grammatical subject is weight, not discus, so the pronoun it grammatically refers to weight, which makes no sense.

(c) Correct. The introductory phrase describes the past design of the discus with a past participle (designed) that modifies the subject of the main clause (the discus); the main verb ‘is lined’.0 is in present tense.

S9. Ans.(e)

Sol. Diction; Rhetorical construction

The–ing form of a verb can be used as a noun (e.g., running is her favorite sport), but it is often awkward, particularly when used with a possessive, as in this case. Substituting the noun attempt for the gerund trying eliminates the problem. While chemical that is irritating it and chemical irritating it are both grammatically correct the could be appropriate in some usages, they are excessively wordy for this context.

(e) Correct. In this sentence, the noun attempt replaces the gerund trying in this construction with organism’s.

S10. Ans.(e)

Sol. Logical predication; Rhetorical construction

The underlined phrase is a modifier; it functions as an adjective to describe the noun that immediately follows it. In this case, the phrase incorrectly modifies scholars, which does not make any sense. What are the scholars doing? When the modifier begins with using, it correctly links the scholars with the modifier that describes their activity.

(e) Correct. In this sentence, using accounts of various ancient writers correctly modifies scholars in a clear and concise expression of their activity.

S11. Ans.(e)

Sol. Parallelism; Grammatical construction

The main point of the sentence is that Dickinson’s letters to her sister-in-law outnumber her letters to anyone else. To emphasize this point, outnumber should be the main verb, and the description introduced by the passive verb were written needs to be changed from a main clause to an adjectival phrase.

(e) Correct. The information about the period when Dickinson’s letters were written is contained in an adjectival phrase set off by commas, and the main verb outnumber refers clearly to letters.

S12. Ans.(d)

Sol. Idiom; Agreement

The verb estimated should be followed by the infinitive to be, not the preposition at – unless the writer intends to indicate a location at which someone made the estimate. The jawbone fragments were estimated to be a certain age. The plural subject fragments requires the plural verb provide.

(d) Correct. In this sentence, the verb estimated is correctly followed by the infinitive to be.

S13. Ans.(b)

Sol. Diction; Parallelism

The sentence describes the elaborate society of the Mochica with a series of three features, the first of which contains an example. The three features must be presented in parallel structures – e.g., cultivating, harvesting, and exploiting. The use of such to introduce the examples of crops requires that the comparison be completed with as instead of like.

(b) Correct. The three items in the series are in parallel form, and such crops is correctly followed by as.

S14. Ans.(c)

Sol. Parallelism

The bulls and cows are described in a series of participial phrases. Items in a series should be parallel: receiving awards is parallel to fetching unprecedented prices, but excited must be changed to exciting to make the third phrase, exciting enormous interest, parallel to the first two.

(c) Correct. In this sentence, exciting is parallel to receiving and fetching.

S15. Ans.(c)

Sol. Logical predication; Rhetorical construction

The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items themselves as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.

(c) Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.