New Pattern English Questions

Directions (1-15): A number of sentences are given below which, when properly sequenced, form a COHERENT PARAGRAPH. Four sentences are LOGICAL connected, one sentence is out of the context. Find the ODD SENTENCE.

Q1. A. Economists love incentives.

B. They love to dream them up and enact them, study them and tinker with them.

C. The typical economist believes the world has not yet invented a problem that he cannot fix if given a free hand to design the proper incentive scheme.

D. His solution may not always be pretty – it may involve coercion or exorbitant penalties or the violation of civil liberties – but the original problem, rest assured, will be fixed.

E. An incentive is given to all the employees who perform exceptionally well.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q2. A. Like the proverbial butterfly that flaps its wings on one continent and eventually causes a hurricane on another, Norma McCorvey dramatically altered the course of events without intending to.

B. She was a lady who possessed exceptional skills and she was a wine connoisseur, travelled the world and lived her life luxuriously. 

C. It had taken shape more than twenty years earlier and concerned a young woman in Dallas named Norma McCorvey.

D. All she had wanted was an abortion.

E. There was another factor, meanwhile which had greatly contributed to the massive crime drop of the 1990s.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q3. A. Fear is a dreadful thing.

B. It darkens our lives, from fear we act neurotically.

C. We are asking whether man can ever be free of this terrible burden.

D. Courageous people are very contented with their lives.

E. fear may be lurking in the deep unconsciousness, in the deep recesses of one’s own brain.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q4. A. Kohal says she has always had best travel experience in all the leading airlines.  

B. And there are stories in the media and social media of notes being left on flights, or complaints being made, by passengers upset that they’ve flown with a female pilot.

C. Kohal’s doctor mother and engineer father taught her and her sister that they weren’t any different from men and could do anything they wanted as long as they had fun doing it.

D. GoAir, a budget airline in India, said in 2013 that it only wanted to hire small, young females to be flight attendants in order to save money on fuel by keeping the weight of the plane down.

E. This family support has helped her excel, but many women entering traditionally male-dominated professions in India encounter more obstacles.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q5. A. But anyone who has worked as a professional in the country knows otherwise.

B. So what about the infamous terror attacks in Asian countries which is the cause of fear in much of the rest of the world?

C. In the collective imagination, there are two Europes: the industrious north, with relatively low unemployment and dynamic economies, and the sluggish south, where people would just as soon kick back, sip an espresso and watch the world go by.

D. Olivier, a senior counsel in a large French multinational in the construction industry in Paris works about 45 to 50 hours a week, from roughly 09:00 till 19:30.

E. Many people would lump France, the land of the 35-hour workweek, long lunches and even longer vacations, with the south.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q6. A. Everyone knows the story of the traveler who has never been on a foreign trip before and the unfortunate events drove him crazy.

B. I think that there is far too much work done in the world, and that immense harm is caused by the belief that work is virtuous, and that what needs to be preached in modern industrial countries is quite different from what always has been preached.

C. But although my conscience has controlled my actions, my opinions have undergone a revolution.

D. Being a highly virtuous child, I believed all that I was told and acquired a conscience which has kept me working hard down to the present moment.

E. Like most of my generation, I was brought up on the saying, “Satan finds some mischief still for idle hands to do.”

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q7. A. A system of coercion is best suitable in a democracy and can be solution to all the world problems.

B. I am quite aware that it is necessary for the success of any complex undertaking that one man should do the thinking and directing and in general bear the responsibility.

C. For force always attract men of low morality, and I believe it to be an invariable rule that tyrants of genius are succeeded by scoundrels.

D. For this reason I have always been passionately opposed to systems such as we see in Italy and Russia today.

E. But the led must not be compelled; they must be able to choose their leader.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q8. A. They have a responsible president who is elected for a sufficiently long period and has sufficient powers to be really responsible.

B. I believe that in this respect the United States of America have found the right way.

C. The really valuable thing in the pageant of human life seems to me to live a luxurious life, be ruthless and insensitive toward other fellow citizens.

D. The thing that has brought discredit upon the prevailing form of democracy in Europe today is not to be laid to the door of the democratic idea as such, but to lack of stability on the part of the heads of governments and to the impersonal character of the electoral system.

E. On the other hand, what I value in our political system is the more extensive provision that it makes for the individual in case of illness or need.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q9. A. He has only been given his big brain by mistake.

B. A backbone was all he needed.

C. This topic brings me to that worst outcrop of the herd nature, the military system, which I abhor.

D. This system of military is bringing the humankind to the danger of extinct.

E. That a man can take pleasure in marching in formation to the strains of a band is enough to make me despise him.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q10. A. I must launch out my boat.

B. The languid hours pass by on the shore – Alas for me!

C. The spring has done its flowering and taken leave.

D. And now with the burden of faded futile flowers I wait and linger.

E. The waves have become clamorous, and upon the bank in the shady lane the yellow leaves flutter and fall.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q11. A. Only now and again sadness fell upon me, and I started up from my dream and felt a sweet trace of a strange fragrance in the south wind.

B. My basket was empty and the flower remained unheeded.

C. On the day when the lotus bloomed, Alas, my mind was straying, and I knew it not!

D. That vague sweetness made my heart ache with longing and it seemed to me that is was the eager breath of the summer seeking for its completion.

E. The 21st century children are immune to such virus.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q12. A. The people of India are giving in nature , sometime they steal because of poverty.

B. Take the fresco at Mahabalipuram called ‘Arjuna’s Penance’.

C. The magnificent figures in the main frieze and narrative, carved out of the rock, are themselves a mix of the divine and the humorous.

D. But, most tellingly, not far from the main frieze, are the figures of two monkeys, one picking lice from the other’s hair.

E. It’s an astonishing example of how this country’s traditions of miniaturist converge with its epic stories.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q13. A. Gandhi was jailed many times for his protest again the British.

B. This is precisely the greatness of any classical work; that is can lend itself for any interpretation at any given era, far removed from its own time, because of its eternal appeal.

C. This total assimilation is reflected in his translation.

D. Although Gandhi was commissioned to do the translation, the Tirukkural was in his genes, inherited from his maternal grandfather who had translated it 1930.

E. He was so ‘smitten’ by this celebrated work, having read and re-read it several times over, that it became a part of his intrinsic cultural psyche.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q14. A. McCorvey’s case came to be adopted by people far more powerful than she.

B. They made her the lead plaintiff in a class-action lawsuit seeking to legalize abortion.

C. The case ultimately made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, by which time Mc Corvey’s name had been disguised as Jane Roe.

D. The defendant was Henry Wade, the Dallas County district attorney.

E. On January 22, 1973, the court advised in the favor of The UNICEF, allowing legalized education for children throughout the country.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Q15. A. Forgetfulness means that you are a genius according some famous people in the field of psychology. 

B. You then forget the essential fact that, underneath the level of physical appearances and separate forms, you are one with all that is.

C. It is this screen of thought that creates the illusion of separateness, the illusion that there is you and a totally separate “other.”

D. It comes between you and yourself, between you and your fellow man and woman, between you and nature, between you and God.

E. Identification with your mind creates an opaque screen of concepts, labels, images, words, judgments, and definitions that blocks all true relationship.

(a) A

(b) B

(c) C

(d) D

(e) E

Solutions

S1. Ans.(e)

Sol. The 1st sentence sets the tone for discussion on the importance of incentives for the economists. The 2nd is the extension of the remark and the 3rd sentence takes it forward with ‘the typical economist’ and their fixation with problem solving. 4th takes the idea further and points out its limitations, and 5th is irrelevant sentence according to the passage. So, ABCD are in logical order. Option E is odd sentence.

S2. Ans.(b)

Sol. The 5th sentence introduces the topic of discussion-crime drop in the 90’s, hence the opener; The 3rd sentence provides historical backdrop of the trend; The 1st statement talks about the impact of Norma McCorvey, The fifth sentence justifies he comparison with the proverbial butterfly, as she ‘just wanted an abortion.’ The 2nd sentence gives irrelevant information about the lady. So, ECAD are in logical order. Option B is odd sentence.

S3. Ans.(d)

Sol. The paragraph opens with a general statement about fear (1st sentence). The 2nd sentence talk about how it’s a ‘dreadful thing’; and 3rd calls it a terrible burden. The 5th sentence explains how ‘one may not be conscious’ of fear. ABCE -all these four sentences talk about ‘fear’ and are logical connected but Option D talks about courage which is totally different from what the passage is all about. Hence D is out of the context sentence. D is the odd sentence.  

S4. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 3rd is an opener, as it lays the background for discussion on ‘sexism’ in the airlines industry. The 5th sentence (this family support) refers to the gender neutral values enjoyed by Kohal. the 4th and 2nd sentences indicate the instances of sexism prevalent in the airline industry. Hence CEDB are in logical order.

The 1st sentence mentions about the luxurious travel experience of customers, which is out of the context. This paragraph talks about the sexism and option A is ODD SENTENCE.

S5. Ans.(b)

Sol. The 3rd sentence is a general observation about the ‘two Europes’, The 5th sentence puts France with the southern part of Europe and talks about a common myth regarding the workload in the region. The 1st and 4th sentences illustrate that it is far from true. The 2nd sentence raises a question which is out of the question about terrorism in Asia. CEAD are in logical order and option B is ODD sentence.

S6. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 5th sentence mentions a ‘saying’ that dictated the author’s upbringing; as the paragraph is about hard work and laziness, it’s a good opener. The 4th completes the description. The 3rd and 2nd sentences talk about the radical change in the author’s point of view. The 1st sentence recalls a story which is to drive crazy any person who has never been to abroad. So, EDCB are in logical order. Option A is out of the context.

S7. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 2nd is a general statement talks about the necessity of a leader and the 5th sentence mentions a reservation expressed by the author; the 1st misrepresent the idea of ‘coercion’ (wrongly refers to ‘compelled’ in the 5th sentence). The 3rd sentence explains the drawbacks of using force; D is the concluding statement which correlates with the strong word ‘scoundrel’ mentioned in the previous sentence. So, BECD are in logical order. Option A is irrelevant according to the given passage.

S8. Ans.(c)

Sol. The 3rd sentence can’t be the opener, as it has to gel with the 5th sentence which can only come before it. The 4th sentence tries to justify an apparent failure of the democratic ideal and gives reasons behind it; In the 2nd sentence ‘in this respect’ refers to the stability of government mentioned in the 4th sentence; and the 1st sentence completes the information. The 5th sentence lists another factor behind it appeal, and the 3rd sentence introduces absolutely different and new idea in the paragraph which is irrelevant. So, DBAE are in logical order. Option C states new idea which is absurd. Hence C is ODD sentence.

S9. Ans.(d)

Sol. The 5th sentence can’t be an opener as it can’t be followed by the 3rd sentence. The 3rd sentence lays down the author’s abhorrence for the military system, the topic of discussion; the 5th sentence continues the strong views of the author (despise means strong hatred); ‘He’ in the 1st sentence refers to ‘a man’ in the 5th sentence. 2nd sentence completes the opinion given in the 1st sentence; and 4th is the inappropriate sentence because it suggests a different idea. So, CEAB are in logical order. D is odd sentence in the given paragraph.

S10. Ans.(e)

Sol. The 1st is the opener, a declarative statement followed by the 2nd sentence – ‘languid hours…on the shore’ and the tone marker ‘alas’ relate to ‘must launch my boat’ in the 1st sentence. The 3rd and 4th talk about the waning of the spring; the 5th sentence is irrelevant because of absurd idea. So, ABCD are in logical order. E is odd sentence.

S11. Ans.(e)

Sol. The 3rd is the opening element as it introduces the topic of reflection, which relates to the blooming of lotus. The 3rd and 2nd sentence are sequential as ‘the mind was straying’ leads to ‘the flower was unheeded’. As the basket remains ‘empty’ (2nd sentence), the author feels sad and dreamy (1st sentence); ‘that vague sweetness’ in the 4th refers to ‘feeling a sweet fragrance’ in the 1st sentence; the 5th sentence introduces the irrelevant idea about 21st century school children which is bogus. So, CBAD are in logical order. Option E is odd sentence.

S12. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 5th is the opening general statement that moots the discussion on the ‘quirky…’ in the midst of an epic. The 4th and 3rd illustrate the point with a frieze from a monument; The 2nd sentence gives additional information (most tellingly), 1st is irrelevant sentence according to the passage. Hence, EDCB are in logical order. Option A is odd sentence.

S13. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 2nd sentence serves as the opener as it is a general statement about the timelessness of the interpretation of literary works. The 4th sentence supports the assertion made in the 2nd sentence. The 5th sentence talks about Gandhi using pronoun ‘He’ followed by 3rd which uses the word ‘assimilation’ that refers to ‘read and re-read’ in the previous sentence. The 1st is irrelevant sentence according to the passage. So, BDEC are in logical order. Option A is odd sentence.

 S14. Ans.(e)

Sol. The 1st sentence opens the discussion on McCorvey’s case. The 2nd (‘they’ refers to ‘people’ in the 1st sentence) and 4th sentences talk about the plaintiff and the defendant of the case. The 3rd sentences talk about the progression and culmination of the case. Hence ABDC are in logical order but Option E is clearly out of the context sentence. In Option E, UNICEF is mentioned which is irrelevant according to the context of the passage. 

S15. Ans.(a)

Sol. The 5th sentence moots the problem of identification with the mind; the 4th gives examples of how ‘it blocks the different relationships’. The 3rd extends the idea further; the 2nd sentence talk about the result of identification with the mind and thoughts. EDCB are in logical order but Option A is clearly out of the context sentence. In option A, the idea about forgetfulness is absurd according to the context. Hence Sentence A is ODD sentence.

New Pattern English

Directions (1-15): Five alternative summaries are given below the text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

Q1. Laljipada’s residents are largely entrepreneurs running cottage industries from their homes that are as small as 100 square feet. Primarily migrants from North India, they contradict the popular perception that migrants take away jobs from the local population. The 20,000 families here are self-employed; they make products that feed into larger businesses such as imitation jewelry, recycled plastic and paper waste, or operate small tailoring or bakery units. With each family contributing in some way or the other to the final finished product, all the families here are dependent on each other for their livelihood.

(a) Laljipada’s residents run cottage industries from their homes contributing to other finished products and are interdependent on each other for livelihood.

(b) The 20,000 families of Laljipada depend on each other for their livelihood as each family runs some cottage industry producing parts for some other products.

(c) Laljipada’s 20,000 families have a well-knit system of cottage industries each one dependent on the other for its livelihood.

(d) Laljipada’s 20,000 families are a well-knit system of north Indian entrepreneurs dependent on each other without taking away the jobs from the locals.

(e) Laljipada’s 20,000 families are a well-knit system of entrepreneurs making products that feed into larger businesses and each dependent on the other for its livelihood.

Q2. Russia and the United States have signed a new strategic nuclear-arms reduction treaty. Officially, the treaty cuts their weapons by one-third; in fact, each party, will decommission only several dozens. Nevertheless, the treaty is a considerable achievement. It normalizes political relations between the two countries, thereby facilitating their further cooperation and rapprochement.

(a) The new strategic arms reduction treaty signed between Russia and the United States may facilitate further cooperation between them.

(b) The new strategic arms reduction treaty signed between Russia and the United States may lead to cordial relations between them.

(c) Russia and the United States have signed a strategic nuclear-arms reduction treaty to reduce weapons by one-third.

(d) Russia and the United States have signed a new strategic nuclear-arms reduction treaty which normalizes political relations between the two countries.

(e) Russia and the United States have signed a new strategic nuclear-arms reduction treaty is a considerable achievement.

Q3. A severe food crisis currently threatens southern Sudan. In East Africa, where millions of people already are dependent on food aid, a sharp rise in the cost of staple crops looms. These are just the latest sources of concern in a turbulent period that began two years ago when food shortages hit many countries in Africa and Asia due to a worldwide spike in prices. Higher food prices meant that poor people, already struggling to meet basic human needs, were pushed deeper into poverty.

(a) An impending food crisis looms over southern Sudan where higher food prices have pushed people deeper into poverty.

(b) The food crisis in Africa and Asia, especially in southern Sudan already struggling under food shortages, higher prices, and poverty may worsen owing to further a rise in the cost of staple crops.

(c) As many countries in Africa and Asia are experiencing prolonged food shortages, an impending food crisis threatens Sudan due to a rise in the cost of staple crops.

(d) The food crisis in Africa and Asia already struggling under food shortages, higher prices, and poverty may worsen owing to further a rise in the cost of staple crops.

(e) The food crisis in southern Sudan struggling under food shortages, higher prices, and poverty may worsen owing to further a rise in the cost of staple crops.

Q4. For millennia, remembering information was costly and time-consuming, and to forget was a natural part of being human. In the digital age, the opposite is true: cheap computer storage, powerful processors, and ubiquitous Internet access have made remembering the norm. Consider this: we tend to retain our rough drafts, years of e-mail traffic, and thousands of ghastly digital snapshots on our hard drives, not because we have decided that they are worth remembering, but because keeping them is now the default way of doing things. By contrast, deciding what to delete is costly. It actually requires much more time and effort to shed data than to keep it.

(a) Since the digital age has made retaining information cheap and effortless, we have left behind our natural habit of forgetting.

(b) Since the digital age has made storage of data cheap and easy, we now store large amounts of information even it is worthless.

(c) Remembering is no more costly and time consuming in the digital age; hence, we store large amounts of worthless information.

(d) The digital age has made it possible to retain large amounts of data cheaply and easily; hence we remember more unlike in the past.

(e) As deciding what to delete is costly and time consuming we now tend to store everything from rough drafts to ghastly images.

Q5. In recent decades, economists have been struggling to make use of the concept of human capital, often defined as the abilities, skills, knowledge, and dispositions that make for economic success. Yet those who use the term often assume that to conceptualize a phenomenon is a first step to manipulating it. And, indeed, “human-capital policy” is now much in fashion. But what if many of the abilities and dispositions in question are a product of history, capable of being understood and explained but not readily replicated?

(a) Economists trying to conceptualize human capital must know that the abilities and dispositions are a product of history incapable of being replicated.

(b) Economists trying to conceptualize human-capital policy for economic success must know history and that success cannot be replicated.

(c) The abilities, skills, knowledge, and dispositions that make for economic success are a product of history and may not be replicable.

(d) Economists attempting a policy based on human capital for economic success must know that the abilities referred to as human capital may not be readily replicable.

(e) Economists struggling to replicate economic success through a human-capital policy must know that human capital is a product of history and may only be understood.

Q6. An individual is free and autonomous only because of the collective decisions taken after democratic debate, notably those decisions that guarantee each person access to public goods such as education, health care, etc. Some sense of social solidarity may remain, but it is so abstract that those for whom the wheel of fortune has spun so favourably feel little debt. They believe that they owe their status purely to merit, not to the collective efforts-state-funded schools, universities, etc. – that enabled them to realize their potential.

(a) Individual success and autonomy are a result of the ability to exploit the system put together through collective efforts with a sense of social solidarity.

(b) The decisions that guarantee each person access to public goods are collective in nature, and individual merit is a myth.

(c) Individuals owe their success and autonomy to collective decisions and efforts that guarantee access to public goods like schools and universities.

(d) Individual success and autonomy are a result of the systems made through collective efforts that guarantee each person access to these systems.

(e) Individuals are free and autonomous only as far as they realize that they owe their success to collective decisions made with a sense of social solidarity.

Q7. Throughout history, political leaders have supported existing communication technologies in order to defend the system in which they rule. Today, too, governments may be tempted to protect newspapers and public TV on the pretext of “saving democracy as we know it.” But efforts to block technological change have been futile in the past, and they would be unwise today. Instead, the political system and the media must adapt to the new reality – the internet.

(a) Instead of trying to protect newspapers and public TV by blocking the internet, political leaders, and governments must adapt to the new reality.

(b) As they have failed in the past, political leaders and government would fail to block the internet by promoting the newspapers and public TV.

(c) Political leaders and governments have consistently failed in their efforts to block new technologies by supporting the existing ones.

(d) By supporting the newspapers and the public TV politicians and governments are trying to protect the existing media under the pretext of saving democracy.

(e) The efforts by governments and politicians to save the existing communication technologies have always proved futile; instead they must adapt to the new reality, today, the internet.

Q8. The financial and economic crisis that erupted in 2008 will, in retrospect, be regarded as a transformative moment, because it raised fundamental questions about the future shape of our economic systems. These questions are not so much about the end of capitalism-as some perceive or even desire-but rather about the different ways in which capitalism is understood in different countries.

(a) In retrospect, the economic crisis of 2008 raised fundamental questions about the future of capitalism working in different countries.

(b) In retrospect, the crisis that erupted in 2008 was not about the failure of capitalism as some see it, but about the differences between countries.

(c) In retrospect, the economic crisis of 2008 was not about the end of capitalism, but about how capitalism is understood in different countries.

(d) In retrospect, the crisis that erupted in 2008 was not fundamentally about the end of capitalism but about the future of capitalism in different countries.

(e) The economic crisis of 2008 did not signal the end of capitalism of its future but how it is understood in different countries.

Q9. Newspapers are dying; the music industry is still yelping about iTunes; book publishers think they are next. Yet one bit of old media seems to be doing rather well. In the final quarter of 2009 the average American spent almost 37 hours a week watching television. Earlier this year 116 m of them saw the Super Bowl-a record for a single programme. Far from being cowed by new media, TV is colonising it. Shows like “American Idol” and “Britain's Got Talent” draw huge audiences partly because people are constantly messaging and tweeting about them, and discussing them on Facebook.

(a) Though newspapers, the music, and publishing industries are dying, American TV has been able to draw large audiences and being discussed on the internet.

(b) Though newspapers, the music and publishing industries are dying, American TV is colonizing the media with the average American spending 37 hours per week watching television.

(c) Though newspapers, the music, and publishing industries are dying, TV is colonizing the media and has huge audiences.

(d) Newspapers, music industry, and book publishers have been cowed by the new media whereas TV has coped well and still draws large audiences, as American TV proves.

(e) Newspapers, music, and book publishers have not been able to cope with the emergence of new media but American TV has coped well and still draws large audiences.

Q10. The tragedy about data collection in India is that by the time primary data is converted into useable information, it may be too late to aid policy intervention. This is true of data collected by not just government agencies such as the National Sample Survey Organization but also think-tanks such as National Council for Applied Economic Research (NCAER). One of the criticisms of Human Development in India: Challenges for a Society in Transition-a report put together by NCAER and Institute of Maryland, US-is that it is based on data collected in 2004-05, and it does not capture the impact of the changes of the past four years when the economy grew at more than 8% on an average every year.

(a) Data collected by government agencies and other research organizations in India is generally useless as no reports based on the primary data is available for years-NCAER report on human development report is an example.

(b) The problem with data collection in India is that reports based on the data are not available in time for use-an NCAER report based on 2004-05 data was released four years later.

(c) The data collection in India is generally useless because reports to guide policy decisions are not made in time-an NCAER report based on 2004-05 data was released four years later.

(d) Data collected by government agencies and other research organizations in India is generally useless; an NCAER report on human development report was released four years after the data was gathered.

(e) Data collected by government agencies and other research organizations in India is generally delayed and do not guide policy decisions-NCAER is an example.

Q11. Equating war with individual evil has become ubiquitous-if not universal-in contemporary to international politics. Wars are fights against evil tyrants and the illegitimate governments they control. Such rhetoric makes wars easier to justify, easier to wage, and easier to support, especially for elected leaders who must respond directly to swings in public opinion. Such language works equally well for any society in today's media-obsessed age.

(a) In international politics wars are equated with individuals and not governments because it is easier for elected governments to justify war and publicize it.

(b) In international politics, wars are now directed at a personification of evil rather than against tyrants or regimes and are justified by governments in response to public opinion.

(c) In international politics, wars are equated with individual evil and not illegitimate governments because it is easier for elected governments to justify war and propagate it.

(d) In international politics, wars are now justified, waged and supported by elected governments to swing public opinion in a media-obsessed world.

(e) In the media obsessed current age wars are fought in order swing public opinion rather than against evil tyrants or illegitimate governments.

Q12. The CEOs owe at least some of their success to others, given that the society provides public goods like universities and health care. This calls for more modesty and restraint in determining the highest salaries, not for moral reasons but for the sustainability of the system. Also, the most privileged classes which have benefited the most from the solidarity of others, notably the poor, can no longer deny the latter's contributions.

(a) As both the CEOs and the poor are products of the same system, these two classes need to acknowledge the system for its sustainability.

(b) The CEOs have a moral responsibly to exercise restraint in their highest salaries and the poor must acknowledge the contribution of the CEOs.

(c) For the sustainability of the system the CEOs need to be modest in their highest salaries, and the poor need to acknowledge the contribution of the CEOs towards their welfare.

(d) The CEOs must reduce their highest salaries and the poor must acknowledge the contribution of the CEOs for the sustainability of the system.

(e) The CEOs must acknowledge the role of public goods in their success and the poor must recognize the contribution of the CEOs for their welfare.

Q13. After reading literature by some of the world’s leading experts on innovation-Clayton Christensen, Henry Chesbrough, John Kao, James Andrew, and Harold Sirkin-I was fascinated, but, alas, also frustrated. Innovation is the production of new knowledge that generates value. It is about fresh ideas that give rise to novel products, services, and processes, new management methods, and original designs and inventions that generate greater profits for firms, regions and countries. These are great ideas, but as I went through these texts I found them to be rather familiar sounding-I had the feeling that somehow and somewhere I had already studied them.

(a) The writer after reading several experts on innovation felt disappointed as the experts themselves were merely repeating what the writer already knew.

(b) Though the writer was fascinated by what several experts in the field had to say on innovation, he felt disappointed that the experts had nothing new to say.

(c) Reading the experts on innovation, the writer was fascinated by their great ideas but felt discouraged that those experts were repeating what he already knew.

(d) After reading the world's best writers on innovation, though I felt fascinated by their great ideas but found nothing new in them.

(e) Innovation is about fresh ideas. I found the world's leading experts on innovation lacking in innovation in their works.

Q14. Once a plausible hypothesis is formulated, it must be tested against all existing theories and against all available experience and information. It has to be subject to open criticism from all directions, and only if it survives these tests and criticisms may it be adopted as tentative and conjectural new knowledge. Science and knowledge are made up not of winners, but of survivors of continuous and systematic efforts to refute. Theories are never certain and must always be prepared for an uncertain future.

(a) Science and knowledge have an uncertain future as these are hypotheses that have survived the systematic efforts to refute them.

(b) Science and knowledge are made up not of winners, but of survivors that must be prepared for an uncertain future.

(c) Conjectural new knowledge is that which is subject to criticism from all directions, but have survived the efforts to refute.

(d) Science and knowledge are not made up of definitive truths but of hypotheses that have survived the systematic efforts to disprove them.

(e) Science formulates plausible hypotheses, tests them against existing theories and they are adopted as conjectural new knowledge later.

Q15. When the next full-scale global financial crisis hits, let it not be said that the International Monetary Fund never took a stab at forestalling it. Recently, the IMF proposed a new global tax on financial institutions loosely in proportion to their size, as well as a tax on banks’ profits and bonuses.

(a) The IMF has proposed a new global tax on financial institutions and banks in an attempt to forestall future financial crises.

(b) The IMF’s new global tax on financial institutions and banks will prevent future financial crises.

(c) The IMF has proposed a new global tax on financial institutions and banks which will forestall financial crises.

(d) The IMF has proposed a tax on financial institutions’ and banks’ profits' and bonuses that will prevent financial crises.

(e) The proposed tax on profits and bonuses of financial institutions and banks is an attempt to forestall future financial crises.

Solutions

S1. Ans.(e)

Sol. The paragraph is very easy to understand. You need to choose the option that best communicates in fewer words the intended communication of the paragraph without any distortion or incorrect emphasis. Option (E) expresses the gist in the best way. The other options have something or the other which either not necessary or is emphasized unnecessarily.

S2. Ans.(d)

Sol. Options (A) and (B) mention “arms treaty” instead of “nuclear arms treaty.” Option (C) misses out on the normalizing of relationship and rapprochement. Option (E) misses out on the significant “normalizing of relations.” Option (D) is the best concise description.

S3. Ans.(c)

Sol. The gist of the passage is: Asia and Africa are already experiencing food shortages for two years. The cost of crops is expected to rise in Sudan – this may trigger a severe food crisis in Sudan. In option (A), Asia and Africa are left out. Options (B) and (D) extend the crisis to Asia and Africa, especially the rise in the cost of crops. Option (E) leaves out Asia and Africa. Option (C) gives the gist without distortion of idea.

S4. Ans.(b)

Sol. The highlight of the paragraph is that the facilities available in the digital age have facilitated storage of data on a large scale. Earlier retaining information was difficult; now deleting is more time-consuming and costly; hence we save almost everything. Option (B), among the options, captures this best. Option (B) is eliminated because it states “natural habit of forgetting” – remembering and forgetting are used more figuratively than literally. Option (C) states “worthless information.” Option (D) is similar to option (B). Option (E) misses the digital age.

S5. Ans.(d)

Sol. Gist of the paragraph: Human capital is the abilities, skills, knowledge, and dispositions that make for economic success – economists are trying to conceptualize and formulate a human – capital policy for success. Human capital is a product of history and may not be readily replicable. Option (A) talks only about conceptualizing and not about using it for success. Option (B) distorts the idea in “must know history.” Option (C) does not use the terms economists or human capital or policy. Option (E) is almost correct but is a distortion in “struggling to replicate economic success” and misses the most important point about replication. Option (D), though not the ideal precis, is the best.

S6. Ans.(c)

Sol. The gist of the paragraph is: The principle social solidarity through democratic debates establishes education, healthcare etc. accessible to individuals. Individuals exploit this system (schools, universities) and become successful. But they feel that their success is due to individual merit. Option (D) summarizes this best within the constraints of a précis. Option (A) is a distortion in “exploit.” Option (B) is a distortion in “myth.” Option (D) is correct but option (C) is better as it specifies “owe their success” rather than “a result of.” Option (E) is not structured well and is vague.

S7. Ans.(e)

Sol. Option (A) and (D) do not mention the failure in the past. Options (B) and (D) leave out the “adapt” idea. Option (E), on the other hand leave out the specifics, and captures the essential attitude of politicians and governments towards new technologies and mentions the “adapt” factor too. Option (E), hence, is the best available précis.

S8. Ans.(c)

Sol. Option (A) is contrary to the passage. Options (B) and (D) fail to mention “economic crisis.” Option (E) distorts the idea in “did not signal the end of capitalism or its future.” Option (C) – though it does not include the perception or desire of some people to see the crisis as the end of capitalism, captures the essence without distortion.

S9. Ans.(d)

Sol. The paragraph is not about American TV in particular – American TV is cited as example of what TV has achieved. The gist of the paragraph is: newspapers etc., are dying but far from being cowed by new media, TV is colonising it; American TV is an example. Options (A), (B), and (E) stress the American TV which is not the essence of the paragraph. Between (C) and (D), option (D) more accommodative and precise.

S10. Ans.(c)

Sol. In addition to the other details in the passage option (C) also mentions “guide policy decisions” which makes it the preferred option. Option (E) is erroneous because it states data collection is delayed. The other options are not incorrect; they are similar but highlight different aspects of the paragraph but leaves out why reports become useless. Hence option (C) scores above them.

S11. Ans.(b)

Sol. Option (A) is largely correct but the paragraph states individual evil – option makes it individuals – which is a distortion. All options miss the media part – hence it is of no consequence in the comparison of options. Option (C) is correct but misses the public opinion part. Option (D) misses the individual evil part. Option (E) is a total distortion of the ideas.

S12. Ans.(c)

Sol. The gist of the paragraph is: The CEOs owe… their success to …public goods … this calls for more modesty in … highest salaries, …for the sustainability of the system. Also, the …the poor, can no longer deny the latter’s contributions. This gist is best captured in the option (C). Option (A) – product of the system; option (B) – moral responsibility; option (D) – must reduce; option (E) – emphasis on public goods (no mention of salaries); all these make option (C) the best choice.

S13. Ans.(c)

Sol. The first person is not repeated in a précis. Hence options (D) and (E) are eliminated, however good they may appear. Among options (A), (B) and (C), - option (C) captures the essence of the paragraph the best. Option (A) misses the “great ideas” part. Option (B) is clearly unclear because the contrast is not clear.

S14. Ans.(d)

Sol. The gist of the paragraph is available in the paragraph itself: Science and knowledge are made up not of winners, but of survivors of continuous and systematic efforts to refute. In fact, all the options also in one way or the other say the same thing, but the phrasing and the emphasis changes. Option (D) phrases it the best, hence the answer.

S15. Ans.(a)

Sol. The key elements are: IMF’s proposal of new global tax on the profits and bonuses of financial institutions and banks-intend to prevent future global financial crises. Options (B), (C) and (D) say “will prevent”; Option (E) leaves out IMF. Hence option (A) is the best without distortion though some elements are left out; there is no distortion.