Computer Terms & Abbreviations

When it comes to using and working with a computer there are actually more than thousand ofcomputer abbreviations associated with a computer which are used on a daily basis.

The word “COMPUTER” itself is an abbreviation which stands for Commonly Operated Machine Particularly Used for Trade/Technology, Education, and Research. The Computer Awareness is a vital part of most recruitment exams, including banking exam.

SBI PO, Clerk; IBPS PO, Clerk; SSC CGL, etc. all these exams consist of the questions related to it, and the best part about it is that these questions are very easy to score.

So Byju’s has come up with a list of common computer terms and abbreviations which might not be known by you but are still used in daily life in every sector.

Terms	Full Form	Definition
AAC	Advanced Audio Coding	AAC is defined as an Audio Coding which is able to achieve better quality of sound than MP3 that too at same bit rates, standardized by IEC and ISO.
AI	Artificial Intelligence	AI is the programming installed in a machine which help the machine to take decision on its own with the help or interference of any humans.
ARPANET	Advanced Research Projects Agency Network	ARPANET was the first network to implement the protocol suite TCP/IP and an early packet switching network which became the foundation of Internet.
ALGOL	Algorithmic Language	ALGOL is an imperative computer programming language developed in 1950s
ALU	Arithmetic Logic Unit	ALU is defined as a digital circuit which is used to execute arithmetic and logic operations in a computer, It is a part of CPU.
AOL	America Online	AOL Inc. is a subsidiary of Verizon Communications, an American based online multinational mass media corporation. Its headquarters is based in New York.
API	Application Program Interface	API is a set of tools, protocols, and subroutine definitions for building up the application software.
APT	Automatically Programmed Tool	APT is a high-level programming language for computer commonly used to create instructions for the tools controlled by machine, numerically.
ARP	Address Resolution Protocol	ARP is used to basically track the IP network addresses of a hardware used for accessing internet by a data link protocol.
ASP	Active Server Pages	ASP is a first server-side script engine of Microsoft, used for web pages generated dynamically. The ASP.NET, released in January 2002, has today superseded ASP.
ATM	Asynchronous transfer mode	In ATM data is encoded into small, fixed-sized cells by using asynchronous time-division multiplexing. It is basically a switching technique that is used by most telecommunication networks.
AVI	Audio Video Interleave	AVI is a file that contains both audio and video data in a file container. It was introduced by Microsoft in November 1992. These files allows synchronous video playback -with-audio.
ASCII	American Standard Code for Information Interchange	ASCII  is defined as a standard of encoding character , though it is outdated but Most of the modern character-encoder standards are based on ASCII.
AT	Advanced Technology	__________
AUI	Attachment Unit Interface	AUI is a physical interface which consists of 15 pin connection which provides a path between the Medium Attachment Unit (MAU)  and an Ethernet node’s Physical Signaling.
BASIC	Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code	Basic is termed as the family of  a general-purpose and high-level programming languages which is designed to make the programming language ease of use.
BCD	Binary Coded Decimal	BCD is a category of binary encodings where a fixed number of bits, usually four or eight represents each of a decimal digit.
BHTML	Broadcast Hyper Text Markup Language	BHTML is designed to be integrated with the Java Virtual Machine, or Application Execution Engine, and with the Java framework.
BMP	Bitmap	BMP is basically a graphics image file format generally used to store digital images, independent of the display device.
BIOS	Basic Input Output System	BIOS is the program used by the microprocessor of a personal computer’s to start the computer system after it is turned on. BIOS also manage the flow of data between the operating system and the devices attached to the computer such as the printer, mouse, keyboard, video adapter and hard disk.
B2B	Business to Business	B2B, also known as e-biz, refers to the exchange of information, products or services among businesses.
B2C	Business to Consumer	B2C refers to a business or transactions which takes place directly between a company and the consumers who is the ultimate-users of the products sold or services provided by the company.
BIU	Bus Interface Unit	BIU is a processors which provides various types of functions, which includes memory generation and I/O addresses to transfer data between the CPU and the EU.
BPS	Bytes Per Second	BPS is a measure of data transfer rate, which can be defined as the average number of bits, data blocks or characters or symbols, passing per unit time through a communication link in a system of data transmission.
BCC	Blind Carbon Copy	BCC basically allows the sender of a message to conceal the person who was entered in the BCC field from the other recipients.
CC	Carbon Copy	CC is a copy of an email or a note sent to an extra email addressee other than the main addressee to which it is actually meant to be sent.
CAI	Computer Aided Instruction	CAI is a narrower term and most often refers to drill-and-practice, tutorial, or simulation activities.
CDMA	Code Division Multiple Access	CDMA is a good example of multiple access, where several number of transmitters can send information simultaneously over a single communication channel.
CRT	Cathode Ray Tube	CRT is a specialized vacuum tube in which images are produced when an electron beam strikes a phosphorescent surface. CRT is always used in display devices like Desktop and TV.

Banking Terms And Abbreviations

An abbreviation can be defined as a word or phrase represented in a short form. An abbreviation usually consist a group of alphabets taken from that particular word or phrase. For example, the abbreviation for the word abbreviation can be represented as abbr., abbrv. or abbrev

In everyday banking work the abbreviations are so commonly used, and a candidates who are aspiring to appear for the bank exams must be well versed with the abbreviation to work efficiently and effectively. Most of the bank’s important documents and contract are filled with the important abbreviation and so it demands the person to be good with abbreviation to understand the matter written in it.

Here at Byju’s we are providing a list of important abbreviations which are generally asked in the competitive exams such as IBPS Recruitment Exams, SSC and RRB, IIT JAM, UGC NET or CSIR NET etc.

Terms	Full Form	Definition
ADR	American Depositary Receipt	It is a kind of certificate which a bank issues. These certificates are also related to foreign countries which is why they are also sometimes known as GDR (Global Depositary Receipt)
AGM	Annual General Meeting	Annual General Meeting is usually held by the public organizations. These meetings are generally addressed as Annual Meetings. In this meeting, each and every member of the organization tries to participate. The main purpose of such meetings is that all members who participate in the meeting discuss about the plans for the next whole financial year with the board of directors. In this meeting, members also ask questions to the board of directors.
AIRCSC	All India Rural Credit Survey Committee	This is the committee which was held in 1966 by Reserve Bank of India. The main objective of the committee is to manage, control and handle the credit needs of agriculture.
AFS	Available for Sale	Which is a financial term used for classifying the assets.
AMFI	Association of Mutual Fund in India	This is the association which was established in the year 1995. The objective of the association is mainly to develop the mutual fund market in India.
ASSOCHAM	Association Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India.	It was established in 1920. ASSOCHAM is a Non– Government Organization. The motive of the organization is to expand and promote the Domestic trade in International countries and remove the probable barriers to trade.
ATM	Automatic Teller Machine	We can use ATM to withdraw money from our bank account or take a credit from a bank without visiting that Bank. It usually saves a lot of time. But the amount that can be withdrawn from an ATM has a limit on it.
ALM	Asset-liability Management	It basically defines the risks that are associated with business and helps to manage the Balance Sheet of the organization. So, mainly it is concerned with interest rate risk, currency risk, foreign currency risk and liquidity risk.
BSBDA	Basic Saving Bank Deposit Account	It is a type of saving account in which a customer can open his account with a minimum balance of zero. And also there is no maximum limit on the withdrawal and depositing of money from the account. But there is a condition that a person who is holding BSBDA should not possess any other account in any branch of that same bank.
BIS	Bank of International Settlement	An International Financial Institution established in 1930. Its banking services are only provided to the central banks and International organizations.
BOP	Balance of Payment	It is also known as the balance of International Payments. It includes the economic activities which are taking place with residents of a country and also with non-residence of the country. These activities and transactions are made by the government as well as individual also. BOP includes all non-visible transaction and external transaction of the country.
CAD	Capital Account Deficit	For CAD calculation, one needs to find the total sum of all deficits that occurred in trade, net income that is paid from abroad and net transfers. CAD = Trade deficit + Net Income from Abroad + Net Transfers
CAG	Controller and Auditor General of India	The auditor general is usually appointed and assigned by the President of India. Shashi Kant Sharma is the present CAG of India. He is the 12th CAG appointed in 2013.
CAMELS	Capital Adequacy Asset Quality, Management, Earning, Liquidity, Systems & Controls	The Federal Reserve of India in 1995, changed the abbreviation from CAMEL to CAMELS.
CEPA	Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.	This was formed on 2009. India & South Korea were the two countries to sign on this agreement.
CC	Cash Credit	It is almost similar to a short term loan. In this, a businessman takes the loan to fulfill his capital requirements. In other words, it is a kind of facility which is provided by banks to withdraw money as loan more than the credit held by a person.
CD	Certificate Deposit	It is similar to a saving account in which, bank saves the deposits in lockers and then that bank issue the deposit certificate.
CECA	Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement	This was formed in 2006. India signed the economic cooperation agreement with Japan, for promoting trade.
CF	Company Finance	It is almost similar to a financial institution which generates and provides credit facilities like loans to the companies.
CII	Confederation of Indian Industries	A non- governmental organization established in 1895. This organization consists of 8000 members. In this organization, all Private and Public sectors are included.
CP	Commercial Paper	Companies sell their CP as money market security as a bond or share to fulfill the short term needs.
CCEA	Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs	Its main function is to take decisions regarding the country’s economic development. In 2012, DR. Manmohan Singh decided to start scholarship schemes for Scheduled Caste students, to help improve the economic condition of students.
CR	Capital Receipts	The revenue generated by selling the assets which were used in carrying out business is termed as Capital Receipt. For example, amount released from companies’ debtors, receivable bill, or sale of a fixed asset or any investment.
CRR	Cash Reserve Ratio	It helps to maintain the liquidity of the invested capital. When CRR is increased, the rate of interest increases and supply of money falls and vice versa.
CRAR	Capital to Risk Weighted Assets Ratio	It also known as Capital Adequacy Ratio. Defined as a ratio between risks to the capital.
CSIR	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research	It is one of the largest research and development organization established in 1942.
CSO	Central Statistical Organization	It is responsible for every statistical activity occurring in India. The main objective of CSO is handling these statistical activities.
CBS	Core Banking Solutions	The main purpose of CBS is to connect all the branches of the bank via networking, which allows account holder to access their accounts, and enjoy all the banking services at any branch of that Bank connected by CBS network.

26 Tips for Spotting Errors in English for SBI PO (Part II)

After reading the first part of this article (26 tips on error spotting), you are now armed with 26 tips for spotting errors in English for SBI PO. Here are 26 more rules and you can be confident about tackling any error spotting or phrase replacement question.

1. Some nouns always use a singular verb.

Eg: Advice, scenery, stationery, mathematics, news

• Mathematics are a difficult subject. (Incorrect)
• Mathematics is a difficult subject. (Correct)

2. ‘Who’ denotes the subject and ‘whom’ denotes the object.

• Whom do you think won the competition? (Incorrect)
• Who do you think won the competition? (Correct)
• Who did you talk to? ( Incorrect)
• Whom did you talk to? ( Correct)

3. The verb and pronoun in case of two nouns joined by ‘either…or’ or ‘neither… nor’ or by ‘or’ take the form of the latter noun.

• Either my father or my sister will use their credit card. (Incorrect)
• Either my father or my sister will use her credit card. (Correct)

4. The verb and pronoun are plural when there is one singular noun and one plural noun and is joined by the conjunction ‘and’.

• The teacher and her students donated her money. (Incorrect)
• The teacher and her students donated their money. (Correct)

5. When there are two nouns joined by a preposition like ‘with’ or ‘along with’, the verb and pronoun take the form of the main (first) noun.

• Mansi, along with her students, were on their way to the movies. (Incorrect)
• Mansi, along with her students, was on her way to the movies. (Correct)

6. If the plural subject indicates a definite amount or quantity taken as a

whole, it takes the verb in the singular form.

• Eighty kilometres are a good distance.( Incorrect)
• Eighty kilometres is a good distance. (Correct)

7. When two or more adjectives show the qualities of the same person or thing, all the adjectives must be in the same degree.

• Bhanu is more intelligent and wise than Manu. (Incorrect)
• Bhanu is more intelligent and wiser than Manu. (Correct)

8. When two singular nouns are joined by ‘and’ are preceded by ‘each’ or ‘every’ the pronoun used is singular.

• Each man and each boy must be rewarded for their good deeds. ( Incorrect)
• Each man and each boy must be rewarded for his good deeds. (Correct)

9. ‘No sooner’ is always followed by ‘than’.

• No sooner had the bell rung when the students started leaving the classroom. (Incorrect)
• No sooner had the bell rung than the students started leaving the room.( Correct)

10. ‘No sooner’ is always followed by ‘does/do’ or ‘has/have’ in the present tense and by ‘did’ or ‘had’ in the past tense.

• No sooner are the boys marching than the whistle blows. (Incorrect)
• No sooner do the boys march than the whistle blows.( Correct)

11. ‘A great many’ is always followed by a plural noun and a plural verb.

• A great many invention has been declared successful. (Incorrect)
• A great many inventions have been declared successful. (Correct)

12. ‘Some’ is used in affirmative sentences to express quantity or degree. ‘Any’ is to be used in negative or interrogative sentences.

• I shall buy some books. (Correct)
• I shall not buy any books. (Correct)
• Have you bought any books? (Correct)

But ‘some’ might be used in interrogative sentences which are requests.

• Will you please give me some water? (Correct)

13. ‘Since’ indicates a point of time and ‘for’ stands for the length of time.

• He has been reading the book since three hours. (Incorrect)
• He has been reading the book for three hours. (Correct)
• It has been raining heavily for Monday. (Incorrect)
• It has been raining heavily since Monday. (Correct)

14. When we use ‘everybody’ ‘everyone’, ‘anybody’, and ‘each’ the pronoun of the masculine or the feminine gender is used with respect to the content.

• I shall be willing to help each of the girls in her practice. (Correct)

But when the gender is not mentioned, we use the pronoun of the masculine gender.

• Anyone can do this job if he tries. (Correct)
• Each of the boys in the class has finished their tasks. (Incorrect)
• Each of the boys in the class has finished his task. (Correct)

15. A singular pronoun is used for a collective nouns, and should be in the neuter gender if the collective noun is viewed as a whole.

• The pride gave away their location by roaring loudly. (Incorrect)
• The pride gave away its location by roaring loudly. (Correct)

16. When pronouns of different persons are to be used together in a sentence, the sequence of persons should be as follows: second person + third + first person in a normal sentence.

• Raju, I and you have finished the work. (Incorrect)
• You, Raju and I have finished our studies. (Correct)

17. ‘Older’ refers to persons as well as things and is usually followed by ‘than’.

• Raju is elder than all other boys of this class. (Incorrect)
• Raju is older than all other boys of this class. (Correct)

‘Elder’ is used for members of the family.

• Suyash is my older brother. (Incorrect)
• Suyash is my elder brother. (Correct)

18. ‘Than’ is used in the comparative degree usually , but with words like superior, inferior, senior, junior, prior, anterior, posterior and prefer ‘to’ is used.

• Gandhi is preferred than Nehru. (Incorrect)
• Gandhi is preferred to Nehru. (Correct)

19. ‘Many a’ is always followed by the singular verb.

• Many a man were influenced by the speech. (Incorrect)
• Many a man was influenced by the speech. (Correct)

20. The singular verb is used when the subject is “the number of”.

• The number of buildings are very low. (Incorrect)
• The number of buildings is very low. (Correct)

21. ‘Since’, ‘because’, ‘as’, ‘for ‘are often used alternatively, however there is a difference in their degree. Stronger cases use ‘since’ and ‘because’ and ‘as’ and ‘for’ are used in weak cases.

• I respect him as he is the best teacher. (Incorrect)
• I respect him because he is the best teacher. (Correct)

22. A pronoun is sometimes incorrectly used where it is not required at all. Eliminate the redundant ones.

• He, being an M.A., he is over qualified for the position. (Incorrect)
• He, being an M.A., is over qualified for the position. (Correct)

23. The relative pronoun ‘that’ is used instead of ‘who’ or ‘which’ after adjectives in the superlative degree.

• This is the best which the doctors could do. (Incorrect)
• This is the best that the doctors could do. (Correct)

24. When ‘as if’ is used in the sense of pretension, ‘were’ is used in all cases, even with third person singular.

• She behaves as if she was a queen. (Incorrect)
• She behaves as if she were a queen. (Correct)

25. A pronoun takes an objective case after ‘let’.

• Let I show it. (Incorrect)
• Let me show it. (Correct)

26. Pronouns joined by ‘and’ are in the same case.

• He and me are friends. (Incorrect)
• He and I are friends. (Correct)

Both the parts of Error spotting will make you confident enough to answer questions on spotting  error . Refer other verbal articles which have been drafted keeping in mind the current Exam pattern.